Knowledge universal laboratory press

universal laboratory press

Explore expert insights on universal laboratory presses. Access in-depth guides, application tutorials for sample preparation, and material research trends.

Welcome to the KINTEK knowledge hub dedicated to universal laboratory presses. This section offers a comprehensive library of technical articles, operation guides, and industry case studies designed to help researchers maximize the versatility of their equipment. Discover best practices for sample preparation in spectroscopy, learn about pressure optimization for diverse materials, and explore the latest advancements in pressing technology for battery research and material science applications.

All Questions

What Is The Purpose Of Periodically Opening The Lab Press? Master The 'Breathing' Technique For Starch Molding

Learn why 'breathing' a lab press is vital for thermoplastic starch to prevent voids, discharge steam, and ensure structural density during molding.

What Role Does Laboratory Sealing Pressure Equipment Play In The Assembly Of Feconimow Modified Pouch Batteries?

Discover how laboratory sealing pressure equipment optimizes interface contact and catalyst exposure for high-performance FeCoNiMoW pouch batteries.

What Role Do Double-Sided Specimen Tape And Pressing Devices Play? Enhance Z-Direction Tensile Strength Accuracy

Learn how double-sided tape and pressing devices ensure accurate Z-direction tensile testing by isolating internal fiber bonding and preventing adhesive failure.

Why Is A High-Pressure Laboratory Hydraulic Press Used For Wet Pressing? Unlock Precise Fiber Density Control

Learn how high-pressure hydraulic presses isolate fiber density from chemical variables to optimize Relative Bonded Area (RBA) in material science.

Why Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Critical For Lithium Battery Assembly? Optimize Your Electrochemical Performance

Learn how precision hydraulic presses optimize lithium battery interfaces, inhibit dendrite growth, and ensure consistent electrochemical data.

How Do Laboratory Hydraulic Presses Affect Tac Grain Size? Master Micro-Nanoscale Control With Precision

Learn how precise pressure control in laboratory hydraulic presses regulates TaC grain growth to 0-0.4 µm for superior material hardness.

How Does The Laboratory Hydraulic Forming Pressure Influence The Pore Structure Of A Porous Tungsten Skeleton?

Discover how hydraulic forming pressure optimizes pore distribution and particle arrangement for superior tungsten-copper composite infiltration.

What Is The Primary Function Of A High-Pressure Dual-Axis Laboratory Press? Master Green Body Formation

Learn how high-pressure dual-axis presses create uniform green bodies and prevent sintering defects in powder metallurgy.

Why Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Used To Compress Shale Powder? Restore Geological Integrity For Simulations

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses reconstruct shale pore structure and density to ensure accurate thermal simulation and element release data.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of Using A Laboratory Hydraulic Press For Catalysts? Optimize Your Metal Oxide Prep

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses densify powders into uniform catalyst granules to prevent reactor clogging and ensure efficient reactions.

What Is The Significance Of Using A Laboratory Hydraulic Press For Pre-Treating Luminescent Powders? Achieve Precise Data

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses optimize photophysical characterization by minimizing scattering and enhancing signal-to-noise ratios.

Why Is High-Precision Laboratory Pressure Equipment Essential For The Assembly Of All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries?

Learn how high-precision pressing eliminates contact voids, reduces impedance, and inhibits dendrite growth in solid-state battery assembly.

What Role Does A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Play In Pcfc Preparation? Essential Insights For Fuel Cell Research

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses transform ceramic powders into high-density green bodies for high-performance PCFC electrolyte development.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory Hydraulic Press In Mof Electrode Prep? Enhance Electro-Fenton Reaction Efficiency

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses optimize MOF-supported electrodes by balancing mechanical durability with electrical conductivity.

What Role Does A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Play In Cof-Peo Gel Electrolyte Preparation And Coin Cell Assembly?

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses optimize battery interfaces, minimize impedance, and ensure hermetic sealing for COF-PEO gel electrolytes.

Why Is A Laboratory Press Critical For Na3(Vo1-X)2(Po4)2F1+2X Electrodes? Achieve High-Accuracy Battery Testing

Learn how laboratory presses ensure accuracy in Na3(VO1-x)2(PO4)2F1+2x electrode testing by optimizing density, resistance, and rate performance.

What Are The Advantages Of Using An Automatic Laboratory Press? Achieve Reliable Experimental Repeatability

Discover how automatic laboratory presses eliminate human error and ensure uniform sample density for battery and material research.

Why Is A High-Precision Laboratory Press Necessary? Elevate Material Synthesis And Data Accuracy

Learn how precision laboratory presses eliminate structural variables, enhance sintering, and ensure data accuracy in new material research.

What Role Does A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Play In Forming Silicon Nitride? Unlock High-Density Ceramic Performance

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses transform silicon nitride powders into high-quality green bodies for superior ceramic manufacturing.

How Does Laboratory Pressure Impregnation Equipment Benefit Fast-Growing Wood? Unlock Maesopsis Eminii's Potential

Learn how laboratory pressure impregnation upgrades fast-growing wood species like Maesopsis eminii into durable, high-value timber for industry.

How Does A High-Precision Laboratory Hydraulic Press Improve Li3.6In7S11.8Cl Battery Cycling Stability?

Learn how high-precision pressing stabilizes Li3.6In7S11.8Cl by managing volume shifts and optimizing interfaces in all-solid-state batteries.

What Role Does A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Play In Forming The Li3.6In7S11.8Cl Electrolyte? Master Green Body Quality

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses transform Li3.6In7S11.8Cl powder into dense green bodies to ensure high ionic conductivity in batteries.

How Does A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Ensure The Performance Of Solid-State Batteries? Achieve High-Density Precision

Learn how precise hydraulic pressing eliminates gaps, reduces resistance, and enhances ion transport in solid-state battery manufacturing.

Why Is A Laboratory High-Precision Press Or Battery Sealing Machine Critical For Recycled Nmc Materials? Ensure Data Integrity

Learn how high-precision presses and sealing machines eliminate variables to ensure accurate electrochemical evaluation of recycled NMC materials.

Why Is A High-Pressure Laboratory Hydraulic Press Essential For Sulfide Solid-State Electrolytes? Achieve Peak Density

Learn how high-pressure hydraulic presses enable cold-pressing of sulfide electrolytes, ensuring high ionic conductivity and material stability.

How Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Utilized In The Initial Shaping Of Porous Ceramic Bearing Samples?

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses apply precise pressure to transform ceramic powder into high-quality green bodies for research.

How Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Used For Pemfc? Enhance Mea Bonding And Fuel Cell Efficiency

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses optimize PEMFC fabrication by bonding catalyst layers and GDLs to reduce ohmic losses and gas crossover.

What Role Does A High-Precision Lab Hydraulic Press Play In Energy Storage Materials? Optimize Density And Performance

Learn how precision hydraulic presses transform active powders into high-density electrodes for batteries and supercapacitors.

How Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Utilized In Asymmetric Supercapacitor R&D? Optimize Energy Storage Efficiency

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses enhance supercapacitor performance by minimizing contact resistance and ensuring structural integrity.

Why Is A Precision Laboratory Press Used To Prefabricate Standard Samples For All-Solid-State Battery Research?

Learn how precision laboratory presses eliminate experimental noise and ensure perfect contact for researching buried interfaces in solid batteries.

What Is The Primary Role Of High-Precision Pressing Equipment In The Multilayer Assembly Of All-Solid-State Batteries?

Learn how high-precision pressing ensures ionic conductivity in all-solid-state batteries by eliminating voids and reducing interfacial impedance.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Manual Hydraulic Press In Layered Composite Preforms? Ensure Structural Integrity

Learn how laboratory manual hydraulic presses provide green strength, densification, and interfacial contact for layered composite preforms.

Why Is Precise Pressure Control From A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Essential When Preparing Latp Green Bodies?

Learn how precise pressure control eliminates density gradients and micro-cracks in LATP green bodies to ensure successful sintering outcomes.

How Does The High-Tonnage Capability Of A Laboratory Press Contribute To Garnet-Type Solid Electrolyte Green Bodies?

Learn how high-tonnage laboratory presses enable critical densification, reducing voids and lowering sintering activation energy for SSBs.

What Role Does A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Play In Validating Mining Waste Aggregates? Achieve Certified Sustainability

Discover how laboratory hydraulic presses validate the compressive strength and structural integrity of mining waste used in building materials.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory Hydraulic Press In The Development Of New Granular Adsorption Materials? Enhancing R&D

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses transform loose powders into durable, testable adsorption materials like zeolites and activated carbon.

How Is A Laboratory Press Machine Utilized In Htc Material Development? Engineering Advanced Carbon Composites

Learn how laboratory presses transform hydrochar into advanced materials through precise consolidation, heat, and pressure for R&D validation.

Why Is Pelletizing And Forming Equipment Necessary For Hydrochar Production? Essential For Fuel & Agriculture

Learn why densifying hydrochar into pellets is vital for boosting energy density, improving storage, and ensuring precise agricultural application.

What Are The Key Functions Of High-Precision Laboratory Presses For Al3Nip4? Bridging Theory And Physical Verification

Learn how laboratory presses enable Al3NiP4 research through precise green body fabrication and controlled stress testing to validate models.

What Is The Role Of An Industrial Hydraulic Press In Opmf Extraction? Powering Oil Yield And Fiber Quality

Learn how industrial hydraulic presses facilitate mechanical separation, producing palm oil and high-quality mesocarp fibers for soil stabilization.

How Does A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Contribute To Preparing Upcycled Tpee Specimens? Ensure Precise Data Accuracy

Learn how heated lab presses prepare upcycled TPEE specimens by eliminating voids and ensuring density for reliable tensile and hardness testing.

What Role Does A High-Precision Laboratory Press Play In Verifying Concrete? Ensure Structural Safety And Data Accuracy

Learn how high-precision lab presses provide the 'ground truth' for concrete compressive strength, validating mix designs and ML prediction models.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Laboratory Press For Hydrogen Storage Testing? Ensure Data Accuracy And Reproducibility

Learn how laboratory presses enhance hydrogen storage testing by optimizing sample density, thermal conductivity, and electric field uniformity.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Press In The Preparation Of Peo:litfsi Polymer Electrolyte Films?

Learn how laboratory presses use thermal-mechanical coupling to create dense, pore-free PEO:LiTFSI films for high-performance battery research.

Why Is Laboratory Hydraulic Press Precision Critical For Llzo Electrolytes? Optimize Your Ionic Mobility Testing

Learn how precision pressing ensures high-density green bodies, stable lattice structures, and accurate LLZO ionic conductivity measurements.

How Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Utilized In Ftir For Aminated Biomass? Enhance Spectral Clarity & Accuracy

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses optimize FTIR spectroscopy of aminated biomass by removing water interference and creating uniform pellets.

Why Is A Laboratory Powder Press Machine Used Before Ftir? Transform Adsorbents For Superior Spectral Clarity

Learn why a powder press is essential for FTIR: eliminating scattering, removing air gaps, and ensuring high signal-to-noise ratios for adsorbents.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory Hydraulic Press In Xrf/Xrd? Prepare Precise Mineral Samples For Accurate Analysis

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses standardize mineral samples for XRF and XRD by ensuring uniform density and eliminating particle size effects.

Why Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Necessary For Secm Sample Prep? Achieve Flat Surfaces For Accurate Probe Data

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses create the dense, flat catalyst pellets required for SECM to prevent probe damage and ensure data accuracy.

Why Is A High-Precision Laboratory Press Machine Essential For Cr2032 Zinc-Ion Coin Cells? Optimize Your Battery Research

Learn why precision pressing is critical for CR2032 zinc-ion batteries, from minimizing contact resistance to ensuring hermetic seals for stable data.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Laboratory Press Over Manual Grinding? Ensure High-Resolution Ir Spectroscopy

Discover why high-tonnage laboratory presses are essential for KBr pellets, providing the plastic flow and optical clarity manual grinding lacks.

Why Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Essential For Biomass Pretreatment? Achieve Precise Sample Standardization

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses eliminate experimental error in biomass research by ensuring uniform sample density and geometric consistency.

Why Do Wood Samples Prepared Using A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Machine Exhibit Specific Ase? Improve Wood Stability.

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses enhance wood's Anti-Swelling Efficiency through chemical modification and conductive heating technology.

What Are The Primary Functions Of A Laboratory Hydraulic Press? Optimize Your Solid-State Chemistry Sample Prep

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses eliminate porosity, create high-density green bodies, and enhance atomic diffusion in solid-state research.

How Does Molding Pressure Control Affect Tmd Thermal Runaway Evaluation? Precision Pressing For Battery Safety

Learn how high-precision molding pressure ensures uniform density and accurate thermal runaway risk assessment in transition metal chalcogenides.

How Is A Laboratory Press Machine Used To Improve Ion Diffusion In Mofs? Optimize Battery Charging Efficiency

Learn how laboratory presses tune MOF pore structures and density to enhance ion kinetics, improving battery charging speed and performance.

How Does High-Precision Pressing Equipment Assist In Addressing Interface Issues Of Garnet-Type Oxide Electrolytes?

Learn how high-precision pressing solves interface impedance and dendrite issues in garnet-type solid-state batteries through advanced engineering.

Why Is An Automatic Lab Press With A Pressure-Holding Function Necessary? Build High-Performance Li-Ion Electrodes

Learn how automatic pressure-holding eliminates internal stress and optimizes density for superior lithium-ion battery electrode performance.

What Is The Primary Role Of A Laboratory Hydraulic Press In The Preparation Of Graphene-Based Electrode Materials?

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses optimize graphene electrode conductivity, density, and mechanical integrity for high-performance batteries.

What Is The Function Of Using A High-Precision Laboratory Press For The Pre-Indentation Of Metal Gaskets In Dac? | Kintek

Learn how high-precision presses ensure gasket stability and data repeatability in Diamond Anvil Cell experiments through pre-indentation.

What Role Does A Laboratory Uniaxial Hydraulic Press Play In Alpha-Alumina Green Body Shaping? Key Forming Insights

Learn how uniaxial hydraulic presses provide the essential preliminary shaping, particle packing, and green strength for alpha-alumina ceramics.

What Is The Function Of A Lab Press For Zirconolite Glass-Ceramics? Optimize Green Body Densification

Learn how laboratory presses transform zirconolite powders into high-density green pellets for HIP and sintering applications.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Press In Sodium-Ion Battery Synthesis? Optimize Solid-State Diffusion Now

Learn how laboratory presses enable solid-state synthesis by compacting precursors into green pellets to ensure efficient atomic diffusion.

How Does A Precision Laboratory Press Machine Affect Fenb2O6@C Sodium-Ion Battery Electrodes? Optimize Your Results

Learn how precision pressing optimizes FeNb2O6@C electrodes by reducing contact resistance and enhancing density for high-rate battery performance.

How Does An Automatic Hydraulic Laboratory Press Function In Soil Evaluation? Precision Ucs Testing For Soil Stability

Learn how automatic hydraulic presses validate modified soil strength through precise loading, UCS data capture, and uniform sample preparation.

Why Is The Use Of A Cold Press Machine Necessary Following Hot-Pressing Of Biocomposites? Achieve Structural Integrity

Learn why cold pressing is essential for biocomposites to lock micro-morphology, prevent warping, and ensure dimensional stability after heating.

Why Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Required For Soil Pellets In Xrf? Ensure Analytical Accuracy & Data Consistency

Learn why a laboratory hydraulic press is essential for XRF soil analysis to eliminate voids, standardize geometry, and ensure repeatable results.

What Critical Role Does A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Play In Fabricating Cathodes For Solid-State Sodium Batteries?

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses ensure critical densification and solid-solid contact for high-performance solid-state sodium batteries.

What Is The Primary Role Of A High-Pressure Laboratory Press For Li6Ps5Cl Pellets? Achieve Superior Densification

Learn how high-pressure laboratory presses densify Li6PS5Cl sulfide electrolytes, reduce grain boundary resistance, and boost ionic conductivity.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Press In Cold Pressing? Master Aluminum Alloy Nanocomposite Fabrication

Learn how a laboratory press creates green compacts through mechanical interlocking and porosity reduction during cold pressing of nanocomposites.

What Is The Specific Function Of A Lab Hydraulic Press In Biomass Carbon Electrode Preparation?

Learn how lab hydraulic presses transform biomass powder into high-performance electrodes by optimizing density and electrical conductivity.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Hydraulic Press In Preparing Silica Xerogel? Achieve Precision In Sample Testing

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses transform silica xerogel powder into uniform specimens for accurate linear shrinkage and thermal analysis.

What Role Does A Uniaxial Press Play In The Sps Process For Alumina? Enhance Densification And Control Microstructure

Learn how uniaxial presses in Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) accelerate densification, lower temperatures, and prevent grain growth in alumina.

Why Is A High-Precision Laboratory Hydraulic Press Required For Evaluating Regenerated Lfp? Ensure Data Validity

Learn why precise pressure control is vital for evaluating regenerated LFP, from optimizing contact mechanics to isolating intrinsic properties.

Why Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Required For Ti3Alc2 Max Phase Sintering? Expert Compaction Insights

Learn why hydraulic pressing is crucial for Ti3AlC2 synthesis, ensuring particle contact, atomic diffusion, and phase purity during sintering.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Hydraulic Press In Popd-Mo Zinc-Ion Battery Electrode Preparation?

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses optimize PoPD-MO zinc-ion battery electrodes by improving density and reducing contact resistance.

What Role Does A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Play In Converting Drug Microspheres? Optimize Your Tablet Formulation

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses consolidate drug microspheres into tablets while preserving coating integrity and drug release profiles.

What Role Does A Manual Lab Press Play In The Initial Forming Stage Of Al2O3-Zro2-Cr2O3 Ceramic Tools?

Learn how manual lab presses create the critical green body foundation for Al2O3-ZrO2-Cr2O3 ceramic tools through powder compaction and densification.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Press In The Preparation Of Fe-Si-B Amorphous Magnetic Powder Cores? Maximize Density

Learn how laboratory presses use 2.40 GPa pressure to eliminate porosity and maximize magnetic permeability in Fe-Si-B amorphous powder cores.

Why Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Required For Carbon Paste Electrodes? Optimize Your Catalyst Pellet Performance

Learn how high-pressure treatment eliminates voids, minimizes contact resistance, and ensures structural integrity for electrochemical electrodes.

Role Of Industrial Hydraulic Presses In Al-Sic Powder Metallurgy: Achieve High-Density Composite Molding

Learn how industrial hydraulic presses and rigid dies facilitate the densification and shaping of Al-SiC composites in powder metallurgy.

What Role Does Laboratory Hydraulic Forming Equipment Play In Az91 Magnesium Alloy Upsetting Tests? Optimize Grain Refinement

Learn how precision hydraulic forming equipment induces dynamic recrystallization and refines grain structure in AZ91 magnesium alloy testing.

How Do Laboratory High-Pressure Hydraulic And Loading Systems Facilitate Permeability Analysis? Master In-Situ Stress

Learn how high-pressure loading systems simulate reservoir stress to provide accurate permeability and porosity data for tight sandstone analysis.

Why Are Laboratory Presses And Precision Pressure Control Units Indispensable For The Mechanical Research Of Complex Shellular Micro-Architected Materials?

Learn how laboratory presses and precision pressure control optimize shellular micro-architected materials through controlled cold stretching.

What Is The Role Of A High-Precision Laboratory Press In The Preparation Of Li3Incl6? Elevate Battery Research Precision

Learn how high-precision pressing optimizes Li3InCl6 densification, reduces resistance, and ensures repeatable ionic conductivity measurements.

How Does A Laboratory Press Machine (Lab Press) Improve Soil Column Quality? Achieve Scientific Precision And Consistency

Learn how laboratory press machines eliminate human error and ensure uniform soil density for superior experimental data and structural integrity.

What Role Do Precision Loading Plates Play In Stress Field Studies? Master Control Over Intrusion Trajectories

Learn how precision loading plates simulate geological loads, induce stress perturbations, and control fluid-filled fracture trajectories.

How Do Specialized Loading Frames And Laboratory Press Machines Collaborate To Test Hsscc Flexural Strength?

Learn how laboratory presses and loading frames work together to measure flexural strength and deformation resistance in high-strength concrete.

How Is A Laboratory Press Machine Utilized For Splitting Tensile Testing Of Hsscc? Optimize Your Concrete Research

Learn how laboratory presses and specialized fixtures convert compressive force into tensile data to evaluate HSSCC and ITZ performance.

What Role Does A Laboratory Press Play In Hsscc Strength Testing? Master High-Precision Structural Verification

Learn how laboratory press machines evaluate the compressive strength and brittleness of High-Strength Self-Compacting Concrete (HSSCC) with precision.

What Is The Application Of A Laboratory Hydraulic Press In Ftir Studies? Master Pellet Prep For Cilnidipine Analysis

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses create transparent KBr pellets for Cilnidipine-polymer compatibility studies with high signal clarity.

Why Is A Manual Laboratory Hydraulic Press Typically Used For The Initial Forming Of Bscf Green Bodies?

Learn why manual hydraulic presses are essential for BSCF green body formation, providing initial strength and shape for advanced processing.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Press Machine In Cpe Film Prep? Master Solid Sodium Battery Electrolyte Production

Learn how laboratory presses enable material densification, reduce interfacial resistance, and optimize sodium ion transmission in CPE films.

Why Is A Lab Rolling Press Required For Lto:snsb Electrodes? Optimize Battery Density And Porosity

Learn how high-precision laboratory rolling presses optimize LTO:SnSb electrode thickness, porosity, and conductivity for superior battery performance.

Why Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Used For Ni-Cr-W Based Composite Materials? Optimize Densification & Quality

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses maximize green density and prevent cracking in Ni-Cr-W composites through 450 MPa pressure application.

What Challenges Does The Laboratory Pressing Process Face When Fabricating Ultra-Thin 20Μm Ppse? Solve Precision Issues

Learn the critical challenges in fabricating ultra-thin 20μm PPSE electrolytes, from platen flatness to eliminating micropores for 64 MPa strength.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of A Laboratory Hydraulic Press In Solid-State Battery Assembly? Optimize Ion Performance

Learn how precision hydraulic presses overcome interfacial resistance in solid-state batteries to ensure efficient ion transport and safety.

What Is The Primary Role Of An Automatic Lab Press? Ensure Precision & Reliability In Powder Sample Preparation

Discover how automatic lab presses eliminate human error and ensure sample density and uniformity for XRF, FTIR, and chemical research analysis.

How Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Used For Fep Composite Plates? Precision Specimen Preparation & Die-Cutting

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses use specialized dies to create high-integrity FEP composite test specimens without thermal degradation.

Why Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Recommended For Preparing Whey Protein Powder Samples For Infrared Spectroscopy?

Learn why hydraulic presses are essential for whey protein analysis, ensuring optical transparency and signal accuracy in spectroscopy.