Knowledge

Why Is A Water-Cooling System Essential In A Laboratory Hot Press? Prevent Set-Recovery In Densified Wood

Learn how water-cooling systems in laboratory hot presses lock in wood density by cooling under pressure to prevent material spring-back.

What Role Does A Laboratory Hydraulic Hot Press Play In Wood Densification? Engineered Wood Solutions

Learn how hydraulic hot presses facilitate THM wood densification by syncing heat and pressure to transform cellular structures and material density.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip)? Superior Mgo–Zro2 Ceramic Uniformity And Density

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients and friction to produce superior MgO–ZrO2 ceramics with uniform density.

Why Is A Universal Lab Hydraulic Press Required For Mgo–Zro2 Ceramic Green Bodies? Achieve Precision Consolidation

Learn how lab hydraulic presses consolidate MgO–ZrO2 powder by overcoming friction and establishing critical bulk density for high-quality ceramics.

Why Is A Dust-Free Environment Necessary For Polymer Film Fabrication? Ensure Optical Clarity And Structural Integrity

Learn why a dust-free, static environment is vital during solvent evaporation to prevent light scattering and ensure uniform polymer film density.

What Is The Critical Value Of A Laboratory Hydraulic Press In Battery Research? Optimize Electrode Density

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses eliminate density gradients and optimize electrode microstructure for superior battery performance.

Why Must Battery Disassembly Be Performed Inside An Inert Atmosphere Glovebox? Ensure Data Integrity And Safety

Learn why inert atmosphere gloveboxes are essential for battery disassembly to prevent oxidation and preserve sample morphology for analysis.

How Do Specialized Battery Test Fixtures Affect Expansion Force Measurement? Achieve Precision In Battery R&D

Learn how specialized battery test fixtures and rigid constraints improve accuracy in measuring pouch cell expansion force and internal physics.

Why Is It Necessary To Use A High-Precision Displacement Sensor In Battery Expansion Research? Unlock Advanced Modeling

Learn how high-precision displacement sensors and force measurements create stiffness models to detect lithium intercalation and deposition.

What Are The Specific Requirements For Using A Manual Hydraulic Press To Prepare Self-Supporting Electrode Pellets?

Learn the essential requirements for preparing self-supporting electrode pellets, focusing on material composition and 150 MPa pressure application.

Why Is It Necessary To Use A Laboratory Hydraulic Press For Nanb7O18 Synthesis? Ensure Dense, Uniform Green Pellets

Learn why applying 300 MPa via a hydraulic press is vital for NaNb7O18 synthesis to overcome diffusion limits and ensure material purity.

What Role Does A Laboratory Heated Hydraulic Press Play In Poppy Straw Particleboard Production? Key Process Insights

Learn how heated hydraulic presses consolidate poppy straw into particleboard through precise pressure and thermal resin curing for max stability.

Why Is Laboratory-Grade Button Cell Assembly Equipment Essential? Ensure Precision In Li-S And Li-Organic Research

Learn how precision assembly equipment eliminates mechanical variables to provide reliable data for lithium-organic and lithium-sulfur batteries.

Why Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Necessary For Preparing Catalyst Samples? Ensure Precision And Reproducibility

Discover why hydraulic presses are essential for catalyst sample preparation, ensuring uniform density and accurate analytical results.

How Does Precise Control Of Sealing Pressure By A Laboratory Press Affect The Cycle Life Of A Coin Cell? | Expert Guide

Learn how precise sealing pressure minimizes contact resistance and ensures hermetic seals to maximize coin cell cycle life and data accuracy.

What Physical Functions Does A High-Porosity Pe Separator Perform? Enhancing Battery Safety & Performance

Learn how high-porosity PE separators provide electronic insulation and facilitate ionic conduction in ether-based electrolyte testing.

What Are The Roles Of Lithium Foil And Copper Foil In The Electrochemical Evaluation? Enhance Battery Research Accuracy

Learn how high-purity lithium and copper foils serve as critical baselines for evaluating electrolytes and lithium-ion deposition behavior.

Why Use Standardized Cr2032 Components & High-Precision Presses? Ensure Reliability In Lithium Metal Battery Research.

Learn how standardized CR2032 components and precision sealing presses minimize variables and optimize lithium metal battery performance.

Why Is A High-Purity Argon-Filled Glovebox Required For The Preparation Of Lithium Metal Battery Electrolytes?

Learn why <0.1 ppm argon environments are vital for preventing Li-salt hydrolysis and lithium metal oxidation in battery research.

What Is The Function Of A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) In Zirconia Preparation? Achieve Defect-Free Ceramic Uniformity

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients and prevents defects in zirconia specimens for high-performance sintering.

What Is The Importance Of High-Precision Pressure Equipment For Lfp Pouch Batteries? Ensure Superior Cell Performance

Learn how precision laboratory presses optimize interfaces, minimize resistance, and prevent delamination in 5x5 cm LFP pouch battery assembly.

Why Is A Laboratory Press Used For Kbr Pellets In Ftir? Achieve Optical Clarity & High Spectral Quality

Learn how laboratory presses transform KBr powder into transparent pellets to eliminate light scattering and ensure accurate FTIR spectral data.

What Is The Technical Function Of An Alumina Oxide Wafer In Creep Testing? Ensure Pure Mechanical Data Accuracy

Learn how Alumina Oxide wafers act as electrical insulators to prevent Joule heating and ensure valid uniaxial compression creep testing results.

How Does An Lvdt Improve Sps Creep Experiment Accuracy? Achieving Micron-Level Precision In Displacement Tracking

Learn how LVDT technology enables micron-level sensitivity and real-time strain analysis for precise creep data in Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS).

What Role Does The Laboratory Hydraulic System Play In Sps Creep Tests? Precision Load Control For Material Analysis

Learn how laboratory hydraulic systems provide precise, real-time load control for uniaxial compression creep tests in modified SPS apparatus.

What Are The Advantages Of Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) For Llzto? Achieving Peak Density For Solid Electrolytes

Learn why Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) is superior to uniaxial pressing for LLZTO ceramics, ensuring uniform density and defect-free sintering.

What Is The Necessity Of The Preliminary Pressing Stage Using A Laboratory Hydraulic Press For Llzto Ceramic Green Bodies?

Learn why the preliminary pressing stage is essential for LLZTO green bodies, from air removal to establishing structural integrity for sintering.

Why Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Required For Chitosan Ftir Samples? Create Clear Pellets For Precise Analysis

Learn why a hydraulic press is essential for chitosan FTIR spectroscopy to eliminate light scattering and ensure high-resolution spectral data.

How Does A Heated Lab Press Ensure The Accuracy Of Thermal Conductivity Test Results For Tim Samples?

Learn how heated lab presses improve thermal conductivity testing by eliminating porosity and ensuring geometric precision in TIM samples.

Why Is An Isostatic Press Required To Provide 200 Mpa Of Pressure? Achieving High-Density Mgo Ceramics

Learn why 200 MPa isostatic pressure is critical for MgO ceramics to eliminate pores and achieve high-density microstructures during sintering.

What Is The Function Of A High-Energy Ball Mill In The Preparation Of Mgo-Sm Composite Fillers? Achieve Deep Mixing

Learn how high-energy ball mills ensure micron-level integration and uniform distribution of additives for MgO-SM composite filler preparation.

Why Is A Pressure Testing Machine Critical For Validating Potash Mine Filling Material Recipes? Ensure Mine Safety

Learn how pressure testing machines validate compressive strength and curing milestones for potash mine backfill to prevent surface subsidence.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A Microhardness Tester For Yttria (Y2O3) Ceramics? Assessing Mechanical Performance

Learn how microhardness testing measures Vickers Hardness and correlates CaO doping with microstructural stability in Yttria transparent ceramics.

What Is The Mechanism Of Calcium Oxide (Cao) As A Sintering Aid In The Y2O3 Process? Master Defect Engineering

Learn how CaO creates oxygen vacancies in Yttria ceramics to accelerate densification, lower sintering temperatures, and control microstructure.

Why Is Hot Isostatic Pressing (Hip) Essential For Achieving High Optical Transparency In Yttria (Y2O3) Ceramics?

Learn how Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) eliminates residual pores in Yttria ceramics to achieve near-theoretical density and optical transparency.

What Is The Function Of A Vacuum Sintering Furnace For Yttria Ceramics? Key To Achieving Optical Transparency.

Learn how vacuum sintering furnaces eliminate pores and inhibit oxidation to prepare transparent Yttria ceramics for final densification.

Why Is Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) Necessary After Dry Pressing For High-Transparency Yttria (Y2O3) Ceramics?

Learn why CIP is critical for transparent Yttria ceramics by eliminating density gradients and microscopic pores for perfect optical clarity.

How Is A Manual Lab Press Utilized During The Preliminary Molding Stage Of Yttria (Y2O3)? Precision Green Body Shaping

Learn how manual lab presses provide the critical geometric baseline and green strength for Yttria (Y2O3) ceramic green body fabrication.

What Are The Primary Functions Of Ball Milling And Ethanol? Unlock Precision In Yttria Ceramic Prep

Learn how ball milling and ethanol create molecular-level homogeneity and refine powder granularity for high-quality Yttria transparent ceramics.

How Does A Prismatic Composite Mold Ensure The Quality Consistency Of Pressed Briquettes? Precision Molding Solutions

Learn how prismatic composite molds use precision force distribution and integrated drainage to ensure briquette density and prevent cracks.

What Is The Role Of A Hydraulic Lab Press In The Formation Of Carbonized Rice Husk Briquettes? Boost Fuel Efficiency

Learn how hydraulic lab presses transform carbonized rice husk into high-density briquettes by optimizing pressure, binder efficiency, and porosity.

Why Is Multi-Point Testing Required For Wha After Hip? Ensure Core Integrity And Uniform Hardness

Learn why multi-point microhardness testing is vital for Tungsten Heavy Alloys after HIP to detect matrix segregation and verify core treatment.

Why Is 'Containerless' Hot Isostatic Pressing (Hip) Necessary For Wha? Achieving 100% Theoretical Density

Learn why containerless HIP is essential for Tungsten Heavy Alloys to eliminate porosity, enhance ductility, and reach theoretical density limits.

What Is The Function Of Rubber Molds In The Cip Molding Of Tungsten Heavy Alloy? Unlock Uniform Density And Precision

Learn how rubber molds serve as the vital interface in Cold Isostatic Pressing to ensure uniform density and purity in Tungsten Heavy Alloys.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) For Wha? Achieving Superior Material Density

Learn why Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) outperforms dry pressing for Tungsten Heavy Alloy by eliminating density gradients and friction defects.

What Role Does An Industrial Hydraulic Press Play In Macauba Kernel Oil Extraction? Powering Clean Biofuel Production

Learn how industrial hydraulic presses use 25 tons of pressure to extract high-quality, solvent-free macauba kernel oil for biofuel production.

What Thermal Safety Advantages Do Li-Cu Composite Anodes Have? Enhancing Battery Stability With Advanced Pressing

Discover how Li-Cu composite anodes improve battery safety through heat dissipation and molten lithium containment using 3D copper mesh technology.

Why Is A Laboratory Glove Box Required For Li-Cu Solid-State Battery Assembly? Ensure Anode Integrity And Data Accuracy

Discover why a high-purity argon glove box is essential for Li-Cu composite anodes to prevent oxidation and ensure battery safety and performance.

Why Is High-Precision Laboratory Isostatic Equipment Required For Nuclear-Grade Matrix Graphite? Ensure Safety.

Learn why high-precision isostatic pressing is vital for nuclear graphite green compacts to prevent micro-cracks and ensure structural integrity.

What Is The Primary Role Of The Cip Process In A3-3 Matrix Graphite Preparation? Achieve Structural Isotropy

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) ensures structural uniformity, density, and isotropy in A3-3 matrix graphite preparation.

Why Must The Assembly Of Lithium-Ion Batteries For Research Be Performed In An Argon (Ar) Atmosphere?

Learn why an argon atmosphere is critical for lithium-ion battery research to prevent electrolyte hydrolysis and anode oxidation.

Why Is Cold Isostatic Pressing Equipment Essential For Zirconia-Alumina Ceramics? Achieve 99.5% Relative Density

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients and internal stresses to produce high-performance, defect-free ceramics.

What Role Does A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Play In Zirconia-Alumina Forming? Create Perfect Green Bodies For Research

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses and steel dies create stable green bodies for zirconia-alumina composites through particle rearrangement.

What Are The Applications Of A Heated Laboratory Hydraulic Press In The Synthesis Of Layered Cathode Materials? Enhancing Sodium-Ion Battery Research

Learn how heated hydraulic presses optimize solid-state synthesis for sodium-ion battery cathodes by improving diffusion and crystal purity.

How Does A Laboratory Pellet Press Assist In Optimizing The Fast-Charging Performance Of Hard Carbon Anode Materials?

Learn how laboratory pellet presses optimize hard carbon anodes by regulating porosity and ion diffusion for superior fast-charging performance.

Why Is An Isostatic Press Preferred Over A Uniaxial Press For All-Solid-State Sodium-Ion Batteries?

Learn how isostatic pressing eliminates interface dead zones and improves density for superior solid-state sodium-ion battery performance.

Why Is A High-Precision Laboratory Hydraulic Press Critical For Sodium-Ion Battery Research? Ensure Valid Data Today

Learn how high-precision presses isolate intrinsic material properties and optimize electrode performance for sodium-ion battery characterization.

For What Purpose Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Used For Mesoporous Powders? Optimize Your Catalyst Performance

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses transform mesoporous powders into pellets while preserving critical pore structures.

What Are The Primary Advantages Of Using High-Precision Steel Molds For The Pressing Of (Ceo2)1−X(Nd2O3)X Powder?

Learn how high-precision steel molds ensure structural integrity and surface smoothness for (CeO2)1−x(Nd2O3)x powder pressing at 150 MPa.

What Is The Significance Of Applying 150 Mpa To (Ceo2)1-X(Nd2O3)X Powders? Optimize Your Ceramic Pellet Shaping

Learn why 150 MPa is critical for ceramic nanopowder compaction, overcoming internal friction to achieve 1% to 15% porosity after sintering.

Why Combine Uniaxial And Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) For Ceo2-Nd2O3? Boost Density And Prevent Sintering Cracks

Learn why combining uniaxial and cold isostatic pressing (CIP) is essential for creating high-density, crack-free solid electrolyte green bodies.

Why Must High-Strength Aluminum Alloy Parts Produced Via Additive Manufacturing Undergo Hot Isostatic Pressing (Hip)?

Learn how HIP treatment eliminates porosity and defects in 3D-printed aluminum, boosting density and fatigue resistance for critical parts.

What Technical Advantages Do Laboratory Hydraulic Presses Provide? Engineering Precise Synthetic Cores & Particle Models

Unlock precision in core preparation with lab hydraulic presses: achieve programmable porosity, uniform compaction, and repeatable reservoir models.

What Is The Role Of The Kbr Pellet Method In Analyzing Hierarchical Porous Carbon? Master Ft-Ir Adsorption Analysis

Learn how the KBr pellet method and laboratory presses enable FT-IR analysis of porous carbon to reveal complex adsorption mechanisms.

What Are The Primary Uses Of High-Precision Laboratory Presses In Evaluating Seismic Isolation Bearings?

Learn how high-precision laboratory presses validate seismic bearings by simulating multi-directional forces and measuring critical performance data.

How Does A Heated Laboratory Press Improve Gpe Films? Achieve Superior Electrolyte Uniformity And Conductivity

Learn how heated pressing enhances Gel Polymer Electrolytes by eliminating micro-bubbles and optimizing polymer matrix rearrangement for batteries.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory Press In The Preparation Of Flexible Supercapacitor Electrodes? Optimize Performance

Learn how laboratory presses reduce contact resistance and enhance mechanical stability for high-performance flexible supercapacitor electrodes.

Why Are Thin Layers Of Teflon Used In Pea 46 Hot Pressing? Get Perfect Films With Superior Release Liners

Learn how PTFE (Teflon) prevents adhesion and ensures surface flatness when hot pressing polyesteramide (PEA 46) films.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory Hydraulic Press In Pea 46 Film Preparation? Achieving Precision In Polymer Testing

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses use controlled heat and pressure to transform PEA 46 granules into uniform 0.3 mm films for analysis.

Why Is A High-Performance Laboratory Hydraulic Press Essential For Pressing Gyagg:ce Green Bodies? Ensure Density.

Learn how precision laboratory presses achieve the 35% theoretical density required to prevent cracking and shrinkage in GYAGG:Ce ceramics.

Why Is A High-Precision Lab Press Required For Triaxial Testing? Ensure Accurate Strain Rates For Rock Mechanics

Learn why high-precision presses are essential for constant axial strain rates, accurate rock characterization, and numerical model validation.

Why Is Argon Gas Used In Hip For Titanium Alloy? Unlock Superior Material Density And Purity

Discover why argon is the essential inert medium for Hot Isostatic Pressing of titanium, ensuring defect-free parts and high fatigue strength.

How Do Laboratory Hydraulic Presses Or Isostatic Pressing Equipment Ensure The Structural Integrity Of Titanium Alloy?

Learn how hydraulic and isostatic pressing ensure the structural integrity and density of titanium alloy green compacts through particle interlocking.

Why Must Mn2Sio4 Coin Cells Be Assembled Within An Inert Atmosphere Glove Box? Ensure Peak Electrochemical Integrity

Learn why Mn2SiO4 coin cell assembly requires an inert glove box to prevent electrolyte hydrolysis and lithium anode oxidation for valid data.

What Is The Function Of A Roll Press Machine In The Processing Of Coated Mn2Sio4 Electrode Sheets? Optimize Your Battery Performance

Learn how a roll press machine densifies Mn2SiO4 electrode sheets to improve energy density, conductivity, and electrochemical performance.

What Role Does A Glove Box Play In Mixing Niti Powders? Prevent Oxidation And Ensure Alloy Purity

Learn why a glove box is essential for mixing NiTi and NiTiCu powders, preventing titanium oxidation to ensure successful sintering and alloy quality.

What Are The Advantages Of A Laboratory Hydraulic Press For Smc Calibration? Achieve High-Fidelity Material Modeling

Learn how precise pressure-holding in hydraulic presses ensures accurate SMC material card calibration by eliminating equipment-induced variables.

How Does Displacement-Controlled Closure Benefit Smc Rheological Testing? Unlock Precise Material Viscosity Data

Learn how displacement-controlled laboratory presses ensure constant piston velocity for accurate SMC rheological analysis and material modeling.

Why Choose An Industrial Thermoforming Press Over A Utm For Smc? Replicate Real Manufacturing Conditions

Learn why industrial presses outperform UTMs in SMC rheological characterization by replicating production speeds, pressures, and thermal mass.

Why Must The Assembly Of Zno/Sio Lithium-Ion Batteries Be Conducted In A Laboratory Glove Box With High-Purity Argon?

Learn why ZnO/SiO battery assembly requires an argon glove box to prevent electrolyte hydrolysis and lithium oxidation for accurate lab results.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Press Or Coin Cell Crimper In Hard Carbon Sodium-Ion Half-Cell Preparation?

Learn how laboratory presses and coin cell crimpers ensure physical contact and airtight seals for sodium-ion battery research and data integrity.

Why Use A Laboratory Hydraulic Press For Coteo4 Ceramic Pellets? Ensure Accurate Dielectric Performance Testing

Learn how hydraulic pressing eliminates air voids and ensures sample uniformity for precise CoTeO4 dielectric constant and loss measurements.

How Do Customized Punching Dies Contribute To The Fabrication Of Patterned Cnts-Cnfs Films? Expert Patterning Guide

Learn how high-precision punching dies optimize Joule heating, current density, and electromagnetic performance in CNTs-CNFs film fabrication.

Why Is A High-Precision Laboratory Hydraulic Press Necessary For Recycled Cement Macadam? Ensure Density & Accuracy

Discover why high-precision hydraulic presses are essential for creating uniform, skeleton-dense recycled cement macadam specimens with reliable data.

What Is The Function Of A High-Precision Lab Press In Ucs Testing? Master Geological Strength & Geomechanical Modeling

Learn how high-precision lab presses determine Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) for wellbore stability and geomechanical modeling.

How Does Hydraulic Press Pressure Control Affect Uio-66 Supporting Films? Master Pore Preservation At 1.2 Mpa

Learn how precise 1.2 MPa pressure control preserves UIO-66 MOF pore structures to optimize ion transport and electrochemical performance.

Why Use A Laboratory Hydraulic Press For Uio-66 And Ptfe Electrolytes? Achieve Perfect Particle Connectivity

Learn how hydraulic pressing at 1.2 MPa creates self-supporting films and continuous ion transport networks for PUP sandwich-type electrolytes.

What Is The Function Of A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) In The Preparation Of Grain Refinement Additives For Az31 Alloys?

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) enables controlled carbon release and uniform density for superior AZ31 magnesium alloy grain refinement.

Why Must The Disassembly Of Cycled Batteries For Post-Mortem Analysis Be Conducted Inside A Glovebox? Essential Safety

Learn why inert glovebox environments are critical for battery post-mortem analysis to preserve reactive lithium and ensure accurate SEM data.

What Is The Function Of Precision Stainless Steel Spacers In Coin Cells? Optimize Your Battery Assembly Today

Learn how precision stainless steel spacers manage internal pressure and reduce resistance in lithium metal coin cells for reliable research results.

Why Must Functionalized Current Collectors And Lithium Metal Batteries Be Handled In A Glovebox? Ensure Lab Accuracy

Learn why argon-filled gloveboxes are essential for lithium metal battery research to prevent oxidation and ensure precise electrochemical data.

Why Must The Assembly Of All-Solid-State Batteries Involving Lithium Metal Anodes Be Performed In An Argon-Filled Glove Box?

Learn why argon-filled glove boxes are essential for lithium metal battery assembly to prevent oxidation and ensure low interfacial resistance.

Why Is A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Essential For Al2O3/Ce-Tzp Ceramic Implants? Achieve 100% Uniform Density

Learn why Cold Isostatic Pressing is critical for high-quality ceramic implants, ensuring isotropic pressure, uniform density, and zero defects.

What Is The Purpose Of Sample Grinding And The Use Of A Laboratory Press Before Xrd? Achieve Perfect Sample Geometry

Learn why grinding and laboratory pressing are essential for XRD soil clay analysis to ensure random orientation and precise mineral identification.

What Is The Role Of A High-Precision Laboratory Press Machine In Conductive Polymer Composite Prep? Master Precision

Learn how high-precision laboratory presses engineer percolation networks and eliminate defects in conductive polymer composites for electronics.

What Role Does A Laboratory Forging Press Play In Preparing Metallographic Samples? Master Wrought Alloy Simulation

Learn how laboratory forging presses transform cast aluminum into wrought material by refining microstructures and eliminating internal porosity.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory Hydraulic Press In The Preparation Of Powdered Modified Activated Carbon? Expert Guide

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses standardize activated carbon pellets for column experiments, ensuring durability and data reproducibility.

What Critical Function Does A Cvd Furnace Perform During The Dynamic Fluorination Of Activated Carbon? Optimize Pfas Removal

Learn how CVD furnaces enable gas-phase fluorination of activated carbon to create C-F bonds, enhancing the capture of short-chain and branched PFAS.

Why Is A Hydrogen (H2) Reduction Environment Necessary For Activated Carbon? Boost Pfas Adsorption Efficiency

Learn how H2 reduction removes acidic groups and reduces steric hindrance to optimize activated carbon for PFAS removal and stability.

Why Are Planetary Ball Mills Used For Modified Activated Carbon? Enhance Pfas Adsorption With Mechanochemical Forces

Learn how planetary ball mills enhance carbon precursors through mechanochemical forces to capture difficult contaminants like short-chain PFAS.