Knowledge

What Is The Purpose Of Using High-Purity Argon Gas During The Heating Phase? Ensure Sample Integrity And Inert Accuracy

Learn how high-purity Argon creates an inert atmosphere to prevent oxidation and maintain oxygen fugacity in high-pressure equilibrium experiments.

What Is The Primary Role Of A High-Strength Rhenium Gasket? Secure Extreme Pressure In Lab Research

Learn how Rhenium gaskets act as structural sealing chambers in high-pressure experiments to prevent leakage and ensure sample stability.

What Is The Function Of A Laser-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell (Lh-Dac)? Explore Deep Earth Research

Learn how Laser-Heated Diamond Anvil Cells (LH-DAC) simulate Earth's core formation by creating extreme pressures and temperatures in the lab.

How Does Spark Plasma Sintering (Sps) Compare To Traditional Pressureless Sintering For Si3N4-Sic? Boost Your Efficiency

Learn why SPS outperforms traditional sintering for Si3N4-SiC composites with 90% faster cycles and superior material density.

What Is The Role Of Polyvinyl Alcohol (Pva) In Si3N4-Sic Production? Enhancing Green Body Integrity

Learn how Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) acts as a vital organic binder to improve green body strength and shape retention in ceramic composites.

Why Is Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) Applied To Si3N4-Sic Composites? Achieve Flawless Density For Sintering

Learn why CIP is essential for Si3N4-SiC composites to eliminate density gradients, prevent cracking, and ensure uniform pressureless sintering.

What Is The Primary Function Of Adding Al2O3 And Y2O3 To Si3N4-Sic? Optimize Your Ceramic Sintering

Learn how Al2O3 and Y2O3 act as vital sintering aids to form a liquid phase, promoting densification in Si3N4-SiC ceramic composites.

How Is The Functionality Of Diamond-Silicon Carbide (Rdc) Anvils Validated? Discover Extreme Pressure Stability

Learn how RDC anvils are validated using Kawai-type multi-anvil presses, achieving 40 GPa at room temperature and 20 GPa at 1600°C.

How Does The Hip Process Reduce Costs For Diamond-Silicon Carbide? Cut Machining Expenses With Near-Net-Shape Forming

Discover how Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) minimizes production costs for ultra-hard materials by achieving <1% shrinkage and near-net-shape forming.

What Role Does The Hot Isostatic Pressing (Hip) Machine Play In Diamond-Silicon Carbide (Rdc) Synthesis?

Learn how HIP machines enable reactive synthesis of Diamond-SiC composites through precise 1450°C and 100 MPa pressure control.

Why Are Samples Encapsulated In Sio2 Glass Tubes For Hip Reactive Synthesis? Achieve Pure, Dense Material Consolidation

Learn how SiO2 glass encapsulation enables high-purity synthesis and isotropic pressure transmission during Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP).

What Is The Function Of Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) In Rdc Preform Preparation? Achieve Superior Density And Uniformity

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) consolidates Si/SiC powders into high-density green bodies for Diamond-Silicon Carbide (RDC) composites.

Why Is A Laboratory Heated Press Essential For Dis-Uhmwpe Sintering? Achieve Superior Polymer Strength

Learn why heated presses are critical for dis-UHMWPE sintering, enabling molecular diffusion and high-density molding for superior material properties.

Why Is A High-Precision Laboratory Press Required For Dis-Uhmwpe Pre-Molding? Preserve Nascent Polymer Integrity

Learn why precise temperature control and pressure are critical for preparing dis-UHMWPE samples without premature chain entanglement.

What Role Does High-Temperature Heating Equipment Play In Scnmc Synthesis? Master Single-Crystal Morphology Control

Learn how high-temperature furnaces enable scNMC synthesis through precise 850°C isothermal control and regulated cooling for battery research.

How Does A Laboratory Press Contribute To Cellulose-Barium Titanate Characterization? Ensure Precise Material Data

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses optimize sample preparation for cellulose-barium titanate composites by ensuring density and uniformity.

Why Is A High-Temperature Heat Treatment Furnace Necessary For Calcining Barium Titanate Precursor Powders?

Learn why high-temperature heat treatment is critical for calcining barium titanate, from solid-state reactions to achieving perovskite structures.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Microwave Heating For Barium Titanate Synthesis? Achieve Sub-Micron Precision

Discover why microwave heating outperforms traditional ovens in barium titanate synthesis through internal heating and particle size preservation.

What Key Role Does A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Play In Mea Preparation? Master Fuel Cell Efficiency & Bonding

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses optimize MEA fabrication through precise heat and pressure for superior fuel cell performance.

How Does Hip Compare To Fast For Recycling Titanium Swarf? Scale Vs. Speed In Large-Scale Production

Compare HIP and FAST for titanium alloy swarf recycling. Discover the trade-offs between component size, processing speed, and operational costs.

How Does A Lab Press Assist In Hip Recycling For Ti-6Al-4V? Achieve Optimal Density And Material Integrity

Learn how laboratory presses enable pre-compaction of titanium swarf, ensuring uniform density and preventing can collapse during HIP recycling.

Why Are 316 Stainless Steel Encapsulating Cans Used In Hip For Titanium Recycling? Ensure Optimal Metal Densification

Learn why 316 stainless steel cans are essential in Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) for titanium recycling through pressure shielding and ductility.

Why Is A High-Pressure Briquetting Press Required For Ti-6Al-4V Swarf? Achieve 75% Density For Superior Recycling

Learn why high-pressure briquetting is essential for Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy recycling to ensure density, reduce shrinkage, and improve quality.

Why Is A High-Precision Laboratory Hydraulic Press Essential For Waste Sludge Test Specimens? Ensuring Data Integrity

Learn why precision laboratory presses are critical for turning waste sludge into high-density, defect-free test specimens for reliable research.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory Hydraulic Press In Li||Lifepo4 Battery Assembly? Optimize Your Solid-State Research

Learn how high-precision hydraulic presses create critical solid-solid interfaces in Li||LiFePO4 batteries to reduce impedance and improve cycling.

Why Is It Necessary To Assemble And Test All-Solid-State Batteries Inside An Argon-Filled Glove Box? Expert Insights

Learn why argon glove boxes are essential for solid-state battery assembly to prevent electrolyte hydrolysis and anode oxidation for optimal safety.

What Function Does A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Perform In Ionic Conductivity Measurement? Optimize Sample Density

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses eliminate voids and reduce grain boundary impedance to ensure accurate ionic conductivity measurements.

How Does A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Optimize Interface Contact In Solid-State Batteries For Superior Performance?

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) uses isotropic pressure to eliminate voids and lower impedance in solid-state battery assembly.

What Role Do High-Purity Graphite Molds Play During The Hot Press Sintering Of Llzo? Optimize Solid-State Battery Density

Learn how high-purity graphite molds enable the high-density sintering of LLZO through pressure transmission and thermal stability at 1100°C.

Why Is Hot Press Sintering Equipment Used For High-Performance Llzo? Achieve >98% Density For Solid-State Batteries

Learn how hot press sintering achieves near-theoretical density in LLZO particles to maximize ionic conductivity and block lithium dendrites.

How Does Laboratory Pressure Facilitate Black Phosphorus Phase Transition? Master High-Pressure Material Transformations

Learn how 8.75 GPa of pressure triggers the A11 to A7 phase transition in black phosphorus by reducing interlayer distance and increasing density.

What Is The Primary Role Of A High-Pressure Lab Press In The Synthesis Of Black Phosphorus? Unlock Gpa-Level Performance

Learn how high-pressure lab presses induce phase transitions in red phosphorus to create stable, semiconducting black phosphorus via GPa pressure.

What Is The Necessity Of Using A Laboratory Hydraulic Press For Pellets? Ensure Accurate Proton Conductivity Testing

Learn why a laboratory hydraulic press is essential for proton conductivity testing to minimize contact resistance and ensure geometric precision.

How Is A Laboratory Press Machine Utilized In Ft-Ir Sample Preparation? Create Transparent Kbr Pellets For Analysis

Learn how laboratory presses create high-quality KBr pellets for FT-IR, ensuring optical transparency and accurate molecular data analysis.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A Laboratory Press For Mnte2 Supercapacitors? Achieve High Performance And Data Accuracy

Learn how laboratory presses and precision coating tools optimize MnTe2 electrode density, reduce resistance, and ensure accurate research data.

Why Is Precise Temperature Control Necessary For Wip Of Pla Composites? Optimize Density And Material Integrity

Learn why precise temperature control (155°C-165°C) is vital for Warm Isostatic Pressing of PLA composites to ensure density and prevent degradation.

What Is The Function Of Elastic Molds In Warm Isostatic Pressing? Achieve Uniform Density In Composite Particles

Learn how elastic molds enable isotropic compression and eliminate density gradients in warm isostatic pressing for superior composite materials.

What Are The Core Advantages Of Using A Warm Isostatic Press For Pla-Based Composites? Achieve Bone-Like Precision

Discover how warm isostatic pressing (WIP) eliminates density gradients and delivers superior 110 MPa strength for PLA-based composite implants.

At What Stage Of Solid-State Lithium Metal Battery Assembly Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Primarily Utilized?

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses optimize solid-state battery assembly by reducing interfacial impedance and suppressing lithium dendrites.

Why Must Hydroxyapatite Green Bodies Undergo Cip At 100 Mpa? Eliminate Defects And Maximize Density

Learn why Cold Isostatic Pressing is essential for Hydroxyapatite ceramics to eliminate density gradients and prevent sintering cracks.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory Uniaxial Hydraulic Press In Hap Green Body Preparation? Create High-Density Pre-Forms

Learn how uniaxial hydraulic presses consolidate Hydroxyapatite powder into green bodies, enabling precise shaping and density for battery research.

Why Perform Hap Synthesis In An Inert Gas Glove Box? Ensure Stoichiometric Purity And Precise Ca/P Ratios

Learn why excluding CO2 in an inert atmosphere is critical for stoichiometric Hydroxyapatite (HAp) synthesis to prevent carbonate substitution.

What Role Does A High-Precision Hydraulic Press Play In Sulfide Assb Cell Prep? Optimize Ionic Conductivity

Learn how high-precision hydraulic presses enable ionic conductivity and interfacial stability in sulfide-based solid-state battery research.

What Is The Importance Of A Laboratory Press In Symmetric Cell Assembly? Ensure Precise Electrochemical Data

Learn how laboratory presses eliminate interfacial resistance and ensure data integrity in solid electrolyte testing and battery research.

Why Must Peo-Based Solid Electrolytes Be Prepared In A Glove Box? Ensure Ionic Conductivity And Stability

Learn why PEO-based electrolytes require inert atmospheres to prevent moisture-induced degradation and ensure battery performance.

How Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Used For Chrysoeriol Formulations? Enhance Your Skin Delivery Research Accuracy

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses standardize Chrysoeriol delivery systems, ensuring consistent density for accurate drug release kinetics.

Why Use Conductive Hot Press Mounting For Hfn Sem Samples? Ensure High-Quality Ebsd Imaging And Accurate Mapping

Learn how conductive epoxy resin prevents surface charging in HfN samples to ensure signal stability for EBSD and SEM analysis.

Why Is Hot Isostatic Pressing (Hip) Essential For Hafnium Nitride? Achieve Maximum Density In Uht Ceramics

Learn why HIP equipment is critical for HfN ceramics, using extreme heat and isotropic pressure to eliminate voids and ensure structural integrity.

What Role Does A Tantalum Metal Capsule Play During Hip Of Hafnium Nitride? Master High-Density Hfn Synthesis

Learn how Tantalum capsules enable high-density Hafnium Nitride through pressure transmission and environmental isolation during HIP at 1800°C.

What Is The Primary Function Of The Cold Pressing Process For Hfn? Achieve Optimal Preliminary Shaping & Density

Learn how cold pressing transforms Hafnium Nitride (HfN) powder into a green body, ensuring air removal and structural integrity for HIP processing.

What Is The Primary Objective Of Heating Frp Samples To 80°C? Optimizing Marine Structural Integrity

Learn how heating FRP samples to 80°C simulates engine room thermal loads to analyze matrix softening and fiber rearrangement for safer boat design.

Why Is An Industrial Constant Temperature Oven Required For Frp Research? Master Precise Thermal Deformation Analysis

Learn why industrial ovens are essential for FRP research, simulating manufacturing environments and testing durability under high-stress heat.

How Can A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Be Applied In The Preparation Of Composite Phase Change Material Structures?

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses eliminate voids and enhance thermal conductivity in phase change material (PCM) composite preparation.

What Is The Significance Of Standardized Molds In Lab Presses? Ensure Precise Seal Material Evaluation

Learn why standardized molds are critical for data integrity, universal comparability, and realistic stress simulation in seal material testing.

How Does A Heated Laboratory Press Contribute To Sealing Material Sample Preparation? Achieve Precise Sample Integrity

Learn how a heated laboratory press ensures thermal stability and geometric precision for sealing material samples in hydraulic system evaluations.

Why Is Precise Pressure Maintenance Essential For High-Performance Seal Testing? Ensure Structural Homogeneity

Learn why precise pressure is critical for eliminating density gradients and ensuring accurate chemical compatibility testing for lab seals.

What Role Does A Laboratory Press Play In Ensuring The Accuracy Of Seal Material Compatibility Tests? Expert Guide

Learn how a laboratory press ensures test accuracy through precision molding, uniform density, and the elimination of sample manufacturing defects.

How Does A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Enhance Zinc-Air Battery Cathodes? Optimize Performance & Durability

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses optimize zinc-air battery cathodes by reducing resistance and stabilizing the triple-phase interface.

Why Is It Necessary To Use Vacuum Packaging Bags For Isostatic Pressing? Ensure Perfect Mold Conformance

Learn why vacuum sealing is critical in isostatic pressing to eliminate air resistance, prevent surface collapse, and ensure geometric accuracy.

Why Use Polyester Film In Isostatic Pressing? Protect Metal Foils & Prevent Contamination

Learn how ultra-thin polyester film prevents contamination, inhibits tearing, and ensures easy demolding during cold isostatic pressing.

What Is The Role Of Plasticine As A Pressure Transmission Medium In Cold Isostatic Pressing? Master Micro-Forming

Learn how plasticine acts as a quasi-fluid medium in cold isostatic pressing to achieve precise micro-channel replication on metal foils.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip)? Achieve Precision In Ultra-Thin Metal Foil Forming

Discover how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) prevents tearing and thinning in ultra-thin foils by using uniform fluid pressure over traditional stamping.

What Are The Advantages Of Hot Pressing For Solid Electrolyte Membranes? Enhance Your All-Solid-State Battery Performance

Learn why hot pressing surpasses liquid coating for solid electrolyte membranes by improving interfacial contact and mechanical durability.

How Does The Application Of A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Improve The Interface Contact Performance In Granular Composite Electrodes For All-Solid-State Metal-Sulfur Batteries?

Learn how hydraulic presses optimize solid-state battery interfaces by eliminating voids, reducing resistance, and enhancing ionic transport.

Why Are Hot Pressing Or Sps Preferred For Nasicon? Achieve High-Density Solid Electrolytes Without Material Loss

Learn why Hot Pressing and SPS outperform conventional sintering by preserving chemical stoichiometry and maximizing NASICON electrolyte density.

Why Is High Forming Pressure Required For All-Solid-State Battery Test Samples? Essential Densification Explained

Learn why high-pressure compression is critical for solid-state battery electrolytes to achieve density, conductivity, and low interface resistance.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory Press Cell In Measuring The Ionic Conductivity Of Li21Ge8P3S34? Enhance Test Accuracy

Learn how laboratory press cells eliminate porosity and interfacial resistance to ensure accurate ionic conductivity measurements for Li21Ge8P3S34.

Why Must The Preparation Of Quasi-Solid Electrolytes And Battery Assembly Be Conducted Inside An Argon-Filled Glove Box?

Learn why argon-filled glove boxes are essential for battery research to prevent material degradation and ensure accurate electrochemical data.

What Role Do Laboratory Hydraulic Presses Play In Battery Assembly? Precision Compression For High-Performance Cells

Learn how laboratory hydraulic and automatic presses optimize electrochemical interfaces, densify electrolytes, and ensure battery test consistency.

How Does Specialized Molding Die Design Affect Astm G99 Friction Specimens? Ensure Data Integrity For Pvdf Research

Learn how specialized molding dies ensure geometric integrity and uniform contact stress in ASTM G99 PVDF nanocomposite friction specimen testing.

How Does Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Ct Function For Isostatic Pressing? Master Non-Destructive Material Analysis

Learn how Synchrotron CT provides high-resolution 3D insights and quantitative void analysis to optimize isostatic pressing and material density.

What Role Does A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Play In The Assembly Of All-Solid-State Battery Test Cells? Expert Guide

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses enable atomic-level bonding and minimize interfacial impedance in all-solid-state battery assembly.

Why Must Composite Cathodes Be Sealed In Vacuum Lamination Bags For Wip? Ensure Battery Stability And Density

Learn why vacuum sealing is critical for warm isostatic pressing (WIP) of composite cathodes to prevent contamination and ensure uniform density.

Why Is It Necessary To Precisely Control The Process Duration When Performing Warm Isostatic Pressing (Wip)?

Learn why precise timing in warm isostatic pressing is critical to eliminate voids and prevent particle aggregation in composite cathodes.

What Is The Core Role Of A Warm Isostatic Press (Wip) Vs Conventional Pressing? Achieve Perfect Solid-Solid Connectivity

Learn how Warm Isostatic Pressing (WIP) eliminates voids and reduces interfacial resistance in solid-state battery composite cathodes.

What Is The Primary Function Of A High-Pressure Processing (Hpp) System? Preserve Freshness And Safety Without Heat

Learn how HPP systems use isostatic pressure (100-600 MPa) to inactivate microorganisms while preserving the nutrients and texture of vegetables.

What Are The Primary Advantages Of Tic-Mgo Composite Heating Elements? High-Pressure Stability Beyond 10 Gpa

Learn how TiC-MgO composites outperform graphite in high-pressure research by maintaining conductivity up to 90 GPa with superior X-ray transparency.

How Does The Use Of A W97Re3-W75Re25 Thermocouple Ensure Accurate Temperature Monitoring? Achieve 2000K+ Precision

Learn how W97Re3-W75Re25 thermocouples provide stable, real-time temperature control in high-pressure assemblies for results exceeding 2000 K.

What Role Does A Sapphire Capsule Play In High-Temperature Liquid Iron Experiments? Ensure High-Purity X-Ray Analysis

Learn how sapphire capsules enable high-temperature liquid iron alloy research through chemical inertness, thermal stability, and X-ray transparency.

Why Is Boron-Magnesium Oxide (Boron-Mgo) Used In In-Situ X-Ray Studies? Achieve Superior Signal Intensity & Clarity

Discover why Boron-MgO is the ideal low-absorption pressure medium for in-situ X-ray studies, ensuring maximum signal and high-resolution imaging.

Why Is Tungsten Carbide (Wc) Selected As The Anvil Material? High-Pressure Excellence For Lab Research

Discover why Tungsten Carbide is the top choice for multi-anvil high-pressure experiments, offering unmatched strength for pressures up to 28 GPa.

What Is The Role Of A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) In Tic-Mgo Composites? Achieve Superior High-Density Green Bodies

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients and ensures structural integrity for TiC-MgO heating element fabrication.

What Is The Function Of An Extrusion Press In The Manufacturing Chain Of Closed-Cell Aluminum Foam? Ensuring Density

Learn how extrusion presses transform aluminum green compacts into dense, high-quality precursors by eliminating porosity for optimal foam results.

What Is The Primary Role Of A Cold Isostatic Press In Aluminum Foam? Master Precursor Densification For Better Foams

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) creates uniform green compacts for aluminum foam, ensuring density consistency and structural stability.

What Is The Role Of Hip Vs Hydrogen Annealing For 3D-Printed Magnetic Shields? Optimize Performance And Cost.

Understand how HIP ensures structural integrity while hydrogen annealing restores critical magnetic properties in 3D-printed shielding components.

What Are The Specific Purposes Of Sio2 Or Cbn Inserts In High-Pressure Assemblies? Optimize Thermal And Pressure Control

Learn how SiO2 and cBN inserts optimize ultra-high pressure experiments by providing thermal insulation and enhancing pressure uniformity.

How Does The Precision Control Of A Laboratory Press Contribute To The Success Of Ultra-High Pressure Experiments?

Learn how membrane and screw-driven mechanisms in laboratory presses prevent anvil failure and enable stable pressures exceeding 400 GPa.

What Are The Advantages Of Laboratory Multilayer Composite Equipment For Antibacterial Packaging? Optimize Cost & Efficacy

Learn how multilayer equipment outperforms single-layer films by concentrating active agents for cost efficiency and enhanced safety.

How Does Melt-Compounding Equipment Facilitate Antibacterial Polymer Production? Achieve Superior Ag Np Dispersion

Learn how melt-compounding and twin-screw extruders integrate silver nanoparticles for durable, long-term antibacterial polymer performance.

What Is The Function Of Hot-Press Embossing In Non-Leachable Antibacterial Plastics? Engineering Surface Topology

Learn how hot-press embossing and thermoforming create physical nano-structures to inhibit bacterial adhesion without chemical leaching.

What Role Does A Laboratory Press Machine Play In Pp Specimen Preparation? Standardize Your Antibacterial Evaluation

Learn how laboratory presses ensure material homogeneity and surface consistency in PP specimens for reliable antibacterial kinetic testing results.

How Does A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Ensure The Quality Of Pla Specimens For Cone Calorimetry? Achieve Accurate Data

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses eliminate voids and ensure density in PLA specimens for precise cone calorimetry and fire testing results.

Why Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Used To Apply High Pressure For Solid-State Batteries? Expert Assembly Guide

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses eliminate interfacial impedance and densify solid electrolytes for high-performance battery research.

What Are The Technical Advantages Of Vacuum Hot Pressing For Ruthenium Targets? Achieve Near-Theoretical Density

Learn why vacuum hot pressing outperforms standard sintering for Ruthenium targets by achieving 98.8%+ density and refined grain structures.

Why Is The Inner Diameter Design Of Graphite Molds Critical For Ruthenium Targets? Optimize Density & Texture

Learn how graphite mold inner diameter design drives radial flow, pore closure, and (002) grain texture in vacuum hot-pressed Ruthenium targets.

Why Are Polyurethane Molds Necessary For The Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) Of Ruthenium Powder? Ensure Peak Performance

Learn why polyurethane molds are essential for Ruthenium CIP, offering lossless pressure transmission and superior material purity.

What Is The Role Of Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) For Ruthenium Sputtering Targets? Achieve High-Density Green Compacts

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients and stresses in Ruthenium powder to create high-quality green compacts.

Why Is Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) Added After Uniaxial Pressing For Ysz-I Substrates? Achieve Flatter, Crack-Free Results

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients to ensure uniform, high-performance YSZ-I substrates for battery research.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory Uniaxial Hydraulic Press In Ysz Substrate Forming? Key For High-Density Green Bodies

Learn how uniaxial hydraulic presses transform YSZ powder into dense green bodies and why they are essential for ceramic research and sintering.

Why Use Laboratory Presses For Polymer Solid-State Batteries? Ensuring Precision In R&D Material Testing

Learn why lab and isostatic presses are vital for solid-state battery R&D to eliminate voids and measure intrinsic ionic conductivity accurately.