Why Are High Thermal Conductivity Aluminum Crucibles Essential For Dsc Of Flour? Precision Sealing For Accurate Results

Learn how high thermal conductivity aluminum crucibles and precision sealing presses ensure accurate DSC data for flour and starch gelatinization.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of Using An Argon-Filled Glove Box? Ensure Battery Electrolyte Purity & Stability

Learn how argon-filled glove boxes protect battery electrolyte precursors from moisture and oxygen to ensure high-performance cell synthesis.

How Does The Precision Of Displacement Control Affect Nanoindentation? Master Your Material Phase Transitions

Learn how high-precision displacement control in hydraulic stages ensures linear loading and accurate mechanical data for nanoindentation.

Why Must Waterproof Insulating Materials Be Used To Seal Sifcon Specimens? Ensure Precise Unidirectional Flow Testing

Learn why sealing SIFCON specimen sides is critical for accurate capillary water absorption tests and ensuring data integrity in lab research.

Why Is A Polycrystalline Mgo Plate Preferred For Bi-2223 Superconducting Films In Cip? Optimize Crystal Alignment

Learn how polycrystalline MgO substrates transform isostatic pressure into uniaxial compression to align Bi-2223 superconducting crystals.

How Does A Laboratory Isostatic Press Contribute To Bbit Ceramic Forming? Achieve Defect-Free Green Body Densification.

Learn how isostatic pressing eliminates density gradients and prevents cracking in Bismuth Barium Titanate (BBiT) ceramic green bodies.

Why Is High-Temperature Heating Necessary For Clay-Based Biopesticides? Unlock Maximum Purity And Adsorption

Learn why high-temperature heating is critical for clay biopesticides to remove impurities, clear micro-channels, and maximize oil absorption.

Why Combine Uniaxial And Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) For Ceo2-Nd2O3? Boost Density And Prevent Sintering Cracks

Learn why combining uniaxial and cold isostatic pressing (CIP) is essential for creating high-density, crack-free solid electrolyte green bodies.

Why Combine Sem And Epma For Titanium-Based Composite Microstructures? Achieve Precise Chemical And Visual Validation.

Learn why the synergy of SEM imaging and EPMA quantitative analysis is essential for verifying titanium composite morphology and chemical ratios.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A Customized Single-Sided Exposure Specimen Fixture? Ensure Precision In Coating Tests

Learn how single-sided exposure fixtures isolate specific test areas on titanium foil to eliminate edge effects and backside interference.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of Multi-Stage Sandpaper Grinding On Titanium? Enhance Nb-Doped Tio2 Film Quality

Learn why multi-stage grinding is essential for removing oxide layers and ensuring uniform Nb-doped TiO2 film adhesion on titanium substrates.

What Is The Purpose Of Introducing Conductive Carbon Nanostructures Into Lithium-Ion Batteries? Boost Your Energy Efficiency

Learn how conductive carbon nanostructures bridge the conductivity gap in Li-ion batteries to enhance electron transport and storage capacity.

How Does The Addition Of Niobium (Nb) Influence The Performance Of Nca93? Enhancing Stability In High-Nickel Cathodes

Learn how Niobium doping improves NCA93 cathode materials through grain refinement, stress alleviation, and superior lithium-ion distribution.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Dry Bag Technology For Cip? Maximize Efficiency And Purity In Isostatic Pressing

Learn how dry bag CIP technology enhances production with rapid cycle times, automated workflows, and superior contamination-free powder compaction.

Why Is It Necessary To Assemble Cc-Tio2 Sodium-Ion Half-Cells Inside A High-Purity Argon Glove Box? Ensure Data Accuracy

Learn why high-purity argon glove boxes are essential for sodium-ion half-cell assembly to protect sodium anodes and prevent electrolyte degradation.

Why Are Yttrium-Stabilized Zirconia Grinding Balls Preferred For Halide Electrolytes? Achieve Pure Synthesis

Learn why YSZ grinding balls are essential for halide electrolyte synthesis, offering high wear resistance and purity for solid-state batteries.

What Is The Significance Of Film Encapsulation And Flexible Processing In Peo-Based Pouch Cells? Build Robust Power.

Learn how aluminum-plastic encapsulation and flexible processing turn PEO-based electrolytes into resilient, wearable, and abuse-resistant batteries.

What Impact Does Solvent-Free Synthesis Have On Equipment? Streamline Production Of Energy Materials

Learn how solvent-free synthesis reduces CapEx by replacing complex chemical reactors with efficient, scalable mechanical processing equipment.

How Does Tool Edge Radius Affect Cutting Force In Green Body Machining? Optimize Geometry For Stable Material Removal

Learn how adjusting tool edge radius reduces cutting forces and prevents damage in powder metallurgy green body machining.

Why Is Highly Conductive Carbon Paper Used For Melanin Electrodes? Enhancing Biocompatible Battery Performance

Learn how carbon paper current collectors solve melanin's conductivity issues, improving electron transfer in biotechnology-derived electrodes.

Why Is Polytetrafluoroethylene (Ptfe) Film Used In Pu Hot-Pressing? Enhance Your Lab Results

Learn how PTFE film prevents equipment adhesion and ensures surface smoothness for precise PU dielectric strength testing during hot-pressing.

Why Use An Acrylic Mounting System For Spot Weld Samples? Master Microscopic Observation & Integrity

Learn how acrylic resin and hardener systems stabilize spot weld samples for precise grinding, polishing, and microhardness testing.

What Is The Role Of Pva Binder In Na2Pb2R2W2Ti4V4O30 Ceramic Compaction? Enhancing Green Body Strength And Stability

Learn how Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) acts as a vital temporary binder to improve green body strength and prevent defects in ceramic powder compaction.

What Is The Purpose Of Using -20°C Incubation For Buckwheat Samples? Preserve Sensitive Polyphenols And Prevent Oxidation

Learn why -20°C incubation is critical for buckwheat extraction to inhibit chemical degradation and protect sensitive polyphenolic compounds.

How Do Isostatic Press Temperature Conditions Influence Ltcc Lamination? Optimize Your Ceramic Bonding Process

Learn how temperature modifies polymer rheology and yield points in LTCC green tapes for defect-free warm isostatic pressing (WIP).

Why Is Microwave Irradiation Treatment Utilized In The Fabrication Of High-Performance Hard Carbon Anodes?

Learn how microwave irradiation engineers structural defects in hard carbon anodes in seconds to boost sodium ion storage and reversible capacity.

What Is The Necessity Of Using Silver Foil Wrapping And Hot Pressing For Ibs Joints? Achieve High-Performance Bonding

Discover why silver foil and hot pressing are essential for Iron-based Superconductor (IBS) joints to ensure conductivity and grain connectivity.

Why Strict Particle Size Limits For Ti-2.5Al-Xmn Alloy? Optimize Your Sintering Process Now

Learn why aluminum and manganese powder sizes are strictly limited to ensure rapid diffusion and homogeneity in titanium alloy fabrication.

Why Is It Important To Input Accurate Elastic-Plastic Deformation Parameters? Optimize Solid-State Battery Simulations

Discover why accurate mechanical parameters are essential for simulating stress, managing volume fluctuations, and optimizing battery energy density.

What Role Does The Hot Pressing Process Play In The Synthesis Of Silver Selenide (Ag2Se) Based Flexible Thermoelectric Films?

Discover how hot pressing optimizes density, crystallinity, and mechanical durability in Ag2Se flexible thermoelectric films.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Platinum Capsules? Precision & Performance In High-Pressure Synthesis

Discover why platinum capsules are the gold standard for high-pressure mineral synthesis, offering thermal resistance up to 1800°C and chemical purity.

Why Are High-Precision Surface Grinding And Polishing Processes Necessary Before The Microscopic Observation Of 3Y-Tzp?

Learn why precise polishing is vital for 3Y-TZP analysis: preventing phase transformation and ensuring clear SEM grain boundary visualization.

Why Is Sodium Silicate Utilized As An Auxiliary Binder For Steel Chip Briquettes? Master High-Strength Recycling

Learn how sodium silicate and bentonite create a synergistic binder system to enhance density and structural integrity in steel chip briquetting.

Why Are Bipolar Plates Considered A Core Structural Component In Iron-Chromium Flow Battery Stacks? | Essential Guide

Discover why bipolar plates are the 'skeleton and circulatory system' of iron-chromium flow batteries, impacting efficiency and lifespan.

What Is The Functional Mechanism Of Nano-Silica Or Alumina In Gel Electrolytes? Enhance Battery Safety & Strength

Learn how Nano-Silica and Alumina fillers reinforce polymer matrices to inhibit dendrite growth and improve thermal stability in Li-ion batteries.

What Role Do Mechanical Pressure Or Capillary Forces Play In Ammc Infiltration? Optimize Your Composite Production

Understand how mechanical pressure and capillary forces overcome viscous resistance to create high-density Aluminum Matrix Metal Composites.

Why Must Nfpp-B Coin Cells Be Assembled In An Argon Glove Box? Ensure Peak Sodium-Ion Battery Performance

Learn why <1ppm moisture and oxygen environments are critical for NFPP-B assembly to prevent sodium oxidation and electrolyte hydrolysis.

How Does The Grinding And Mixing Process Impact Nife-Cnt@S Performance? Optimize Your Composite Synthesis Today

Learn how mechanical grinding and precise 3:7 mass ratios ensure sulfur homogeneity and superior performance in NiFe-CNT@S composites.

Why Must The Preparation Of Talc Nanosheet Ionogels And The Assembly Of Sodium Metal Batteries Be Performed In An Argon Glove Box? Ensure Peak Performance

Learn why inert atmospheres are critical for sodium metal battery assembly to prevent oxidation and moisture-driven material degradation.

Why Must The Assembly Of Sodium-Ion Batteries Be Conducted In An Inert Gas Glove Box? Ensure Si/Hc Composite Stability

Discover why sodium-ion battery assembly requires an inert gas glove box to prevent sodium metal oxidation and electrolyte hydrolysis.

Why Is A High-Vacuum Annealing Furnace Required For Basnf4? Ensure Purity For Superionic Conductivity

Learn why high-vacuum annealing is essential for BaSnF4 post-treatment to prevent oxidation and achieve maximum room-temperature conductivity.

What Role Do Electrochemical Molds With Spring-Loading Systems Play? Ensuring Accuracy In Li3-3Xscxsb Eis Testing

Learn how spring-loaded electrochemical molds stabilize interfaces and eliminate contact resistance to ensure accurate EIS data for electrolytes.

What Role Does Mechanical Processing Play In Flexible Q-Cof Solid-State Membranes? Achieve 10.5 Gpa Structural Rigidity

Learn how mechanical processing optimizes Q-COF solid-state electrolytes by balancing 10.5 GPa stiffness with flexibility for ion transport.

What Are The Primary Advantages Of Spark Plasma Sintering (Sps) For Cu-Sic? Achieve Superior Composite Performance

Learn how Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) outperforms traditional methods for Cu-SiC composites by enhancing density and preserving microstructure.

How Does A High-Pressure Environment Influence Carbon Doping In Mgb2 Wires? Optimize Superconducting Performance

Learn how high pressure improves Carbon doping in MgB2 by altering diffusion kinetics, enhancing flux pinning, and preventing grain coarsening.

Why Sieve Batio3–Bisco3 Powder Before Pressing? Ensure Uniform Green Bodies And Microstructural Integrity

Learn why sieving BaTiO3–BiScO3 powder is critical for ceramic processing to ensure uniform density and eliminate defects in the final product.

Why Is An Inert Gas Glove Box Necessary For Xps Surface Analysis? Ensure Sample Integrity For Solid Electrolytes

Learn why inert gas glove boxes with transition chambers are vital for XPS analysis of electrolytes to prevent oxidation and moisture damage.

What Role Does Hot Isostatic Pressing (Hip) Play In Nbtialsizrnx Target Preparation? Ensure High-Entropy Alloy Purity

Learn how HIP densifies and homogenizes NbTiAlSiZrNx targets to eliminate porosity and ensure stable atomic flux for high-quality thin film sputtering.

Why Is Fluorine Oil Selected As The Pressure-Transmitting Medium? Achieve Nmr Signal Purity In Shale Gas Research

Discover why fluorine oil is essential for coal-bearing shale gas experiments using 1H-NMR by eliminating hydrogen signal interference.

Why Is Graphite Paper Placed In The Mold For Sintering Ti(C,N) Cermets? Optimize Your Lab's Material Processing

Learn why graphite paper is essential in Ti(C,N) cermet sintering to prevent mold adhesion, extend tool life, and ensure superior surface quality.

What Is The Specific Purpose Of A Quartz Glass Observation Window In A Specialized Mlcc Compression Mold?

Learn how quartz glass windows enable real-time microscopic monitoring of void filling and electrode expansion in MLCC compression molds.

Why Are Tantalum Foils Utilized In High-Temperature Compression Tests? Ensure Precise Material Data Integrity

Learn how tantalum foils act as high-temperature lubricants to prevent barrelling and ensure accurate uniaxial compression testing data.

Why Are Hip Or Sps Systems Required After Mechanical Alloying? Achieve Full Density In Multi-Principal Element Alloys

Learn why HIP and SPS systems are essential for consolidating alloy powders into dense, high-strength bulk materials without grain coarsening.

Why Is A Combination Of Uniaxial Pressing And Cip Required? Master Hap/Cnt Composite Green Body Density Control

Learn why HAp/CNT composite preparation requires both uniaxial pressing and CIP to eliminate density gradients and prevent sintering defects.

What Is The Function Of A High-Temperature Vacuum Sintering Furnace For 9Cr-Ods Steel? Unlock Material Integrity.

Learn how high-temperature vacuum sintering furnaces enable atomic bonding and prevent oxidation in post-CIP 9Cr-ODS steel processing.

How Does The Heating And Melting Process Affect Ldpe And Pet? Optimize Your Lab Pressing Results

Understand the critical differences between LDPE and PET during thermal processing, from melt fluidity to rapid solidification challenges.

What Is The Purpose Of An Argon-Filled Glove Box For Cu-Cuo Powders? Ensure Inert Integrity In Aero Processes

Learn how argon-filled glove boxes and sealed jars prevent oxidation in Cu-CuO powders to ensure stoichiometric control in the AERO process.

Why Is The Surface Quality Of Metal Powders A Critical Factor For Esf? Achieve Peak Electrical Sintering Performance

Learn how surface oxides and contact resistance impact Electro-Sinter-Forging (ESF) efficiency and why powder quality is vital for densification.

Why Is An Argon-Filled Transfer Case Necessary? Protect Alkali Metal Samples From Rapid Oxidation

Learn why argon-filled transfer cases are essential for moving alkali metal samples, preventing oxidation and ensuring accurate analytical results.

What Parameters Are Monitored By High-Sensitivity Resistance Strain Gauges During Axial Compression? | Kintek Solution

Learn how high-sensitivity strain gauges monitor longitudinal and lateral strain to analyze confinement and Poisson's ratio in composite materials.

Why Is Gold-Palladium (Au80Pd20) Used As A Sealing Material? Solve Iron Loss In Hydrous Magma Simulation

Learn why Au80Pd20 is essential for hydrous magma experiments, preventing volatile loss and iron diffusion in high-pressure laboratory simulations.

Why Are Graphite Crucibles Used In High-Pressure Experiments? Essential Containers For Oxidation Protection

Learn why graphite crucibles are vital for high-pressure, dry phase equilibrium experiments, offering thermal stability and oxidation prevention.

Why Are Strain Gauges And Portable Displays Required For Monitoring Pressure Frames In Synchrotron Experiments?

Learn how strain gauges and portable displays ensure safety and real-time monitoring in high-radiation beamline environments.

Why Is The Precise Ratio Control Critical In Htgr Matrix Graphite? Achieve Safety And Structural Integrity

Learn why the 64:16:20 ratio of natural flake graphite to phenolic resin is vital for fission product retention and reactor safety in HTGR systems.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of Using Band Heaters In Hot Forging? Protect Dies & Optimize Metal Flow

Learn how band heaters in hot forging die configurations prevent thermal shock, maintain billet plasticity, and extend die life for lab efficiency.

What Are The Manufacturing Advantages Of Nmc Compared To Lco? Streamline Your Battery Production Efficiency

Discover why NMC ternary alloys offer superior manufacturing advantages over LCO, including process simplification and high-rate stability.

What Is The Function Of Organic Binders In The Pelletizing Process Of Manganese Ore Powder? Enhancing Pellet Strength

Learn how organic binders like acrylic acid copolymers improve mechanical strength and prevent pulverization in manganese ore pelletizing.

How Does Isostatic Pressing Technology Ensure Wc-Co Compact Quality? Optimize Sintering For Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt

Learn how isostatic pressing eliminates density gradients and ensures uniform shrinkage for high-quality WC-Co green compacts during sintering.

What Are The Functions Of Nickel Foam In Hatn-Cof Supercapacitor Electrodes? Optimize Your Energy Storage Performance

Learn how nickel foam serves as a 3D conductive backbone and current collector to enhance electron transport and ion diffusion in HATN-COF electrodes.

How Do Wet Grinding And Freeze-Drying Aid Nanocellulose/Chitin Composites? Optimize Your Adsorption Material Preparation

Learn how wet grinding and freeze-drying optimize chitin composites by maximizing surface area and preventing structural collapse for adsorption.

What Is The Purpose Of A Carbon Powder Bed Design In Sps? Sintering Complex Max Phase Components With Ease

Learn how carbon powder beds enable quasi-isostatic pressure in SPS to sinter complex MAX phase geometries without distortion or cracking.

How Do Specialized Loading Frames And Laboratory Press Machines Collaborate To Test Hsscc Flexural Strength?

Learn how laboratory presses and loading frames work together to measure flexural strength and deformation resistance in high-strength concrete.

How Do Heated Aluminum Molds Contribute To The Bonding Strength Between Peek Leaflets And Composite Stents?

Learn how heated aluminum molds enable thermal fusion and high crystallinity for superior PEEK-stent bonding in heart valve manufacturing.

How Do High-Purity Graphite Plates And Graphite Felt Function Together? Optimize Your Single-Cell Test Performance

Learn how graphite plates, felt, and laboratory presses collaborate to minimize resistance and maximize voltage efficiency in battery research.

What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Cerium-Doped Basalt Glass Preparation? Achieving Micron-Level Dispersion

Learn how planetary ball mills ensure micron-level homogenization and prevent segregation in cerium-doped basalt glass for waste immobilization.

What Is The Purpose Of Fine Mechanical Mixing Of Spent Ncm523? Achieve High-Efficiency Battery Material Regeneration

Learn how fine mechanical mixing optimizes lithium diffusion and repairs crystal structures in spent NCM523 cathode materials for regeneration.

How Does The Construction Of An Mxene And Graphene Heterostructure Improve Electrode Performance? Boost Energy Storage

Learn how MXene and graphene heterostructures enhance electrode conductivity, accelerate charge transfer, and improve high-rate energy storage.

Why Are Phosphate Investment Materials Critical In The Hot-Pressing Process For Lithium Disilicate? Achieve Precise Fit

Learn how phosphate investment materials provide thermal stability and expansion control to ensure precision in lithium disilicate hot-pressing.

What Are The Advantages Of Using High-Performance Flexible Waveguides? Protect Radar Accuracy In Hydraulic Presses

Learn how high-performance flexible waveguides protect radar electronics from vibrations while ensuring signal fidelity in hydraulic press setups.

Why Are Mgo And Teos Added During Yag:ce Ceramic Mixing? Key Additives For High Optical Transparency

Learn how MgO and TEOS act as sintering aids to eliminate micropores, facilitate densification, and ensure transparency in YAG:Ce ceramics.

Why Is High-Vacuum Sealant Used During The Assembly Of High-Pressure Optical Laboratory Cells? Key Sealing Insights

Learn why low-viscosity high-vacuum sealant is essential for initial bonding and leak prevention in high-pressure optical laboratory cells.

Why Is It Necessary To Use Specialized Pressure Test Fixtures For Sulfide Eis? Ensure Accurate Ionic Measurements

Learn why specialized pressure fixtures are essential for sulfide solid electrolytes to minimize contact resistance and ensure accurate EIS data.

Why Is Food-Grade Stainless Steel Used For Fluidized Bed Dryers? Ensure Purity And Durability In Food Processing

Learn why food-grade stainless steel is essential for fluidized bed dryers, focusing on corrosion resistance, hygiene, and chemical inertness.

What Role Does Advanced Catalyst Design Play In Fuel Cell Systems? Enhance Efficiency, Stability, And Cost-Efficiency

Discover how advanced catalyst design optimizes oxygen reduction reactions and reduces material costs to boost fuel cell system performance.

Why Are Sulfide-Based Solid-State Electrolytes Critical? Unlock High-Performance All-Solid-State Battery Manufacturing

Learn how sulfide-based electrolytes solve the 'contact problem' in solid-state batteries via high ionic conductivity and mechanical plasticity.

How Does The Addition Of Lubricants Like Magnesium Stearate Affect The Results Of The Powder Compression Process?

Learn how lubricants like magnesium stearate reduce friction, ensure uniform part density, and prevent defects in powder compression.

Why Must Sulfide-Based All-Solid-State Batteries Be Prepared In An Argon Glovebox? Protect Safety & Performance

Learn why argon-protected gloveboxes are essential for sulfide-based batteries to prevent toxic H2S gas and maintain ionic conductivity.

What Is The Purpose Of Adding Paraffin Wax During The Mixing Stage Of Zirconia-Silica Nanocomposite Powders?

Learn how paraffin wax acts as a vital binder to improve bonding force, molding performance, and green body integrity in zirconia-silica powders.

Why Is A High-Uniformity Mixing Process Critical In The Preparation Of Pmps@Latp Composite Electrolyte Slurry?

Learn why uniform mixing is vital for PMPS@LATP electrolytes, ensuring ion transport, conductivity, and structural integrity in batteries.

Why Is Dry-Compressed Holey Graphene Used For Solid Electrolytes? Boost Interface Contact Without Additives

Learn how dry-compressed holey graphene improves solid-state battery performance by filling microscopic gaps at low pressure without chemical binders.

How Does A High Compact Density Sulfide Electrolyte Layer Impact Ls Anodes? Enhance Stability In All-Solid-State Batteries

Learn how high compact density sulfide electrolytes reduce resistance and suppress dendrites to stabilize Lithium-Silicon (LS) alloy anodes.

Why Must The Assembly Of Coin Cells For Mos2 Supercapacitors Be In An Argon Glove Box? Ensure Precise Testing Results

Learn why an argon glove box is essential for MoS2 coin cell assembly to prevent oxidation, protect electrolytes, and ensure data integrity.

How Does The Preparation Process Influence Voltage Performance In Battery Electrolytes? Liquid Vs. Polymer Comparison

Learn how liquid and polymer electrolyte preparation impacts battery voltage through viscosity, ion mobility, and electrode penetration efficiency.

What Is The Necessity Of High-Performance Gaskets In Li-S Battery Test Units? Ensure Data Integrity And Lab Safety

Learn why fluoroelastomer gaskets are critical for Li-S battery testing, providing chemical resistance and protection for lithium anodes.

Why Are Pvdf And Peek Selected For Lithium-Sulfur Battery Cells? Ensure Chemical Inertness And Mechanical Strength

Learn why PVDF and PEEK are essential for Li-S battery cells, offering resistance to organic solvents and superior mechanical sealing.

What Is The Function Of Tantalum Foil In Titanium Alloy Compression Tests? Eliminate Friction For Accurate Data

Learn how tantalum foil prevents barreling and ensures uniform axial deformation during high-temperature compression tests of titanium alloys.

What Is The Purpose Of Placing Metal Foil Between The Punch And Powder? Protect Your Tooling During Consolidation

Learn how thin nickel or metal foil acts as a critical anti-sticking barrier to prevent tool welding and ensure surface integrity in powder presses.

Why Is Vacuum Sealing In Polyethylene Bags Necessary For Muscle Samples? Ensure Uniform Isostatic Pressing Results

Learn why vacuum sealing in polyethylene bags is vital for isostatic pressing of muscle samples to ensure uniform pressure and sample integrity.

What Is The Purpose Of The Two-Stage Heating Process For Nbt? Optimize Powder Calcination For High-Quality Crystals

Learn how the 800°C and 950°C heating stages stabilize NBT powder, prevent volatilization, and ensure stoichiometric purity for crystal growth.

Why Is It Necessary To Prepare Diels-Alder Reaction-Based Heat-Sensitive Electrolytes Inside An Argon-Filled Glove Box?

Learn why preparing Diels-Alder electrolytes in an argon glove box is critical to prevent LiTFSI hydrolysis and organic solvent oxidation.