How Do A Vacuum Furnace And Quartz Heaters Facilitate Vtd? Master Nanoporous Material Formation

Learn how vacuum furnaces and quartz heaters drive Vacuum Thermal Dealloying by managing vapor pressure and atomic surface diffusion.

Why Must Mn2Sio4 Coin Cells Be Assembled Within An Inert Atmosphere Glove Box? Ensure Peak Electrochemical Integrity

Learn why Mn2SiO4 coin cell assembly requires an inert glove box to prevent electrolyte hydrolysis and lithium anode oxidation for valid data.

What Are The Roles Of Lithium Foil And Copper Foil In The Electrochemical Evaluation? Enhance Battery Research Accuracy

Learn how high-purity lithium and copper foils serve as critical baselines for evaluating electrolytes and lithium-ion deposition behavior.

What Physical Functions Does A High-Porosity Pe Separator Perform? Enhancing Battery Safety & Performance

Learn how high-porosity PE separators provide electronic insulation and facilitate ionic conduction in ether-based electrolyte testing.

How Do Specialized Battery Test Fixtures Affect Expansion Force Measurement? Achieve Precision In Battery R&D

Learn how specialized battery test fixtures and rigid constraints improve accuracy in measuring pouch cell expansion force and internal physics.

What Is The Role Of Boron Nitride (Bn) Spray With Graphite Dies In Chp? Protect Your Samples From Contamination

Learn how Boron Nitride spray prevents carburization and acts as a lubricant for graphite dies in Conventional Hot Pressing (CHP) processes.

What Is The Role Of High-Power Ultrasonic Processors In Hnt Surface Treatment? Achieve Uniform Nanotube Modification

Learn how high-power ultrasonic processors use acoustic cavitation to de-agglomerate Halloysite Nanotubes for uniform chemical modification.

What Is The Role Of An Agate Mortar In Mg1-Xmxv2O6 Preparation? Enhance Solid-State Synthesis Efficiency

Learn how agate mortars facilitate homogenization, reduce particle size, and optimize solid-state diffusion for Mg1-xMxV2O6 precursor powders.

Why Is A Vacuum Drying Oven Used For Polyphenylsulfone (Ppsu)? Ensure High-Quality Membrane Synthesis

Learn how vacuum drying ovens remove DMAc solvents and moisture from PPSU at 150°C to ensure consistent membrane formation and polymer purity.

Why Are High-Precision K-Type Thermocouples Necessary In Hpp? Master Heat Control In High-Pressure Processing

Learn why K-type thermocouples and data systems are vital for HPP to track adiabatic heating and ensure accurate microbial inactivation results.

Why Are Precision Stainless Steel Masks Required For Ide Hydrogen Sensors? Ensure High Sensitivity And Consistency

Learn why precision stainless steel masks are vital for fabricating interdigitated electrodes (IDE) with superior sensitivity and reproducibility.

What Are The Technical Objectives Of Incorporating Nano-Fillers And Plasticizers Into Spe Formulations? | Kintek

Learn how nano-fillers and plasticizers optimize Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPE) by balancing ionic conductivity and mechanical flexibility.

What Is The Primary Objective Of Reducing Particle Size In Lifepo4? Unlock High Energy Density And Faster Kinetics

Learn how particle size reduction in LiFePO4 cathode materials enhances energy density, improves ion diffusion, and boosts battery performance.

How Does A Differential Scanning Calorimeter (Dsc) Study Pbst Copolymers? Optimize Your Thermal Analysis

Learn how DSC analysis measures melt temperature, enthalpy, and half-life to optimize the crystallization and processing of PBST copolymers.

What Role Does A High-Purity Alumina Crucible Play In Nasicon Sintering? Ensure Purity & High Ionic Conductivity

Learn how high-purity alumina crucibles prevent contamination and maintain stoichiometry during the 1200°C sintering of NASICON membranes.

What Are The Benefits Of The Pressure-Annealing Process? Optimize Solid-State Battery Interface Resistance

Learn how pressure-annealing reduces interface resistance from kΩ to Ω for superior solid-state battery performance compared to melt-cooling.

What Role Does A High-Energy Planetary Ball Mill Play In The Preparation Of Sulfide Solid Electrolytes (Sses)?

Learn how high-energy planetary ball mills drive mechanochemical synthesis and create amorphous structures for high-performance sulfide electrolytes.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A Coin Cell Crimper For Solid-State Batteries? Achieve Precise Interface Contact

Learn how coin cell crimpers minimize interfacial resistance and ensure hermetic seals for reliable solid-state battery testing and data.

How Does An Auxiliary Rotor Unloading Tool Facilitate The Recovery Of Samples From Ssnmr Rotors? Boost Lab Yield Now

Learn how centrifugal force automates ssNMR sample recovery, minimizing loss and accelerating rotor cleaning for rare and expensive materials.

What Are The Packaging Requirements For Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells With Vc/Dmfu? Ensure Robust Thermal Shutdown Safety

Learn the critical packaging standards for Li-ion pouch cells, focusing on seal integrity, corrosion resistance, and thermal shutdown mechanisms.

What Is The Purpose Of Ar-H2 Gas In High-Temperature Dac Experiments? Protect Your Diamond Anvil Cell From Oxidation

Learn how Argon-Hydrogen gas mixtures create a reducing atmosphere to prevent oxidation of diamond anvils and heating elements in DAC studies.

What Role Does The Lacro3 Heater Play In Al-Bearing Bridgmanite Synthesis? Essential Thermal Stability Explored

Discover how Lanthanum Chromite (LaCrO3) heaters enable high-pressure bridgmanite synthesis through stable resistive heating and crystal growth.

Why Must Halide Solid Electrolytes Be Handled In An Argon-Filled Glovebox? Ensure Battery Performance And Stability

Learn why strict inert environments are essential to prevent hydrolysis and oxidation of halide solid electrolytes in battery research.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Laboratory Oven During The Isothermal Annealing Of 3D-Printed Pekk Parts?

Learn how laboratory ovens facilitate PEKK crystallization through isothermal annealing to boost mechanical stiffness and heat resistance.

What Conditions Does A Vacuum Sintering Furnace Provide For Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr–O? Achieve High Purity & Low Modulus Alloys

Learn how 1573 K and 10⁻³ Pa vacuum levels optimize Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr–O alloys by preventing oxidation and stabilizing the BCC crystal structure.

What Role Does A Steel Core Play In Bscf Isostatic Pressing? Mastering Tubular Membrane Integrity

Learn how steel cores act as rigid internal molds in isostatic pressing to ensure uniform density and precision in BSCF membrane green bodies.

Why Is A Precise Temperature Control Curve Required For Pwht Of Nickel-Based Superalloys? Ensure Structural Integrity

Learn why precise temperature control in PWHT is critical for nickel-based superalloys to manage hardening phases and prevent brittle formations.

Why Is A Water Bath Or Hydrothermal Heater Needed For (Nh4)2Mos4? Ensure Precise Precursor Solution Treatment

Learn why constant thermal control is vital for Ammonium Tetrathiomolybdate precursor solutions to achieve uniform MoS2 thin-film deposition.

What Role Does A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Play In The Synthesis Of Fecu@Bc Catalysts? Master Catalyst Pyrolysis

Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces enable one-step pyrolysis for FeCu@BC catalysts by controlling biochar formation and metal activation.

Why Is The Introduction Of Argon Gas Necessary When Sintering Aa6061? Protect Your Aluminum From Oxidation

Learn why argon is essential for sintering AA6061 aluminum. Discover how inert atmospheres prevent oxidation and ensure structural integrity.

How Does The Lamination Process Contribute To The Long-Term Stability Of 0.2 Ah Li@P||Licoo2 Pouch Cells During Assembly?

Learn how lamination ensures interfacial integrity, protects the Li3P layer, and optimizes charge distribution in Li@P||LiCoO2 pouch cells.

What Is The Importance Of Compacting Precursor Materials With Copper Electrodes In Flash Joule Heating? Key Success Factors

Learn why mechanical compression of precursors is critical in Flash Joule Heating to ensure uniform current flow and high-quality graphene production.

Why Is An Industrial Drying Oven Used In The Preparation Of Basalt Specimens For Simulating Dry Lunar Rock Environments?

Learn why drying basalt at 105°C for 24 hours is vital for lunar simulations, ensuring accurate dielectric and microwave response data.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A Vacuum Drying Oven? Essential Moisture Control For High-Nickel Battery Success

Learn how vacuum drying prevents moisture-induced degradation and lithium dendrite growth in high-nickel cathodes and lithium metal anodes.

How Do Isostatic Press Temperature Conditions Influence Ltcc Lamination? Optimize Your Ceramic Bonding Process

Learn how temperature modifies polymer rheology and yield points in LTCC green tapes for defect-free warm isostatic pressing (WIP).

What Role Does A Laboratory Oven Play In Providing Reference Values For Fruit Moisture Content? Precision Calibration

Learn how laboratory ovens provide the 'ground truth' for fruit moisture content through thermogravimetric analysis and model calibration.

What Role Does The Screw Play In A Screw Extruder? Mastering Power Transmission & Biomass Formation

Learn how the screw acts as the heart of a screw extruder, providing essential transport and the high-pressure force needed for biomass formation.

Why Is A High-Precision Laboratory Press Essential For Geopolymer Testing? Achieve Unmatched Accuracy In Strength Data

Learn how high-precision presses and universal testing machines ensure constant loading rates and precise force feedback for geopolymer research.

What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Li2Mnsio4 Synthesis? Enhance Cathode Homogeneity And Performance

Learn how planetary ball mills optimize Li2MnSiO4 synthesis by reducing particle size and ensuring microscopic mixing for high-performance batteries.

Why Is A High Vacuum Oven Required For Silicon-Based Negative Electrodes? Ensure Battery Stability And Data Accuracy

Discover why high vacuum drying at 100°C is essential for silicon negative electrodes to prevent moisture-induced degradation and SEI failure.

What Is The Function Of A High-Precision Battery Crimper In Cr2032 Assembly? Enhance Your Battery Research Accuracy

Learn how high-precision crimpers ensure hermetic seals and uniform pressure for CR2032 cells with PBF-GPTMS separators to optimize battery data.

Why Does Ni–20Cr Cold Spray Hardness Decrease After Hip? Unlock Full Material Potential

Learn why Hot Isostatic Pressing reduces Ni–20Cr hardness through thermal recovery while significantly improving structural density and ductility.

What Are The Advantages Of Carbon-Coated Aluminum Foil? Boost Li-S Battery Conductivity & Adhesion

Learn how carbon-coated aluminum foil reduces resistance, prevents material shedding, and enhances cycling stability in lithium-sulfur batteries.

What Is The Purpose Of Vacuum-Sealed Heat Treatment For Solid Electrolytes? Protect Purity And Phase Stability

Learn how vacuum-sealed heat treatment prevents degradation and facilitates the Suzuki phase in sensitive solid electrolyte powders.

What Is The Importance Of A Vacuum System In A Tpf Device For Bmg? Ensure Precision In Metallic Glass Molding

Learn why a vacuum system is critical for Thermoplastic Forming (TPF) of Bulk Metallic Glass by preventing oxidation and ensuring material plasticity.

Why Is It Necessary To Perform The Preparation Of Lithium Metal (Li) Protection Layers Inside An Argon-Filled Glove Box?

Learn why argon-filled glove boxes are essential for lithium protection layers, maintaining <0.1 ppm moisture to prevent lithium inactivation.

How Does A Vacuum Oven Affect The Performance Of Gqd/Siox/C Composite Anodes? Enhance Stability And Cycle Life

Learn how vacuum drying prevents electrode peeling and moisture-induced side reactions in GQD/SiOx/C composite anodes to ensure battery stability.

Why Use High-Precision Molds For Wastewater Erosion Experiments? Ensure Specimen Accuracy For Reliable Data

Learn why high-precision rectangular and cylindrical molds are critical for uniform geometry and valid results in wastewater erosion studies.

What Roles Does Magnesium Stearate Play As An Additive? Enhance Aluminum & Nickel-Aluminum Composite Mixing

Discover how magnesium stearate acts as a vital lubricant and carbon source to improve homogeneity and strength in metal composite powders.

How Does 400-Mesh Ti-6Al-4V Powder Produced By The Hdh Process Behave During Compaction? Optimize Your Density.

Understand the compaction mechanics of HDH Ti-6Al-4V powder, from particle rearrangement to plastic deformation for high-density components.

Why Is The Doctor Blade Coating Method Utilized For Thin-Film Preparation? Optimize Your Flexible Plastic Substrates

Learn why doctor blade coating is essential for thin-film preparation on flexible substrates, ensuring precision and uniformity for high performance.

What Is The Function Of Far-Infrared Tubular Heaters Within A Glass Molding System? Expert Thermal Precision Guide

Learn how far-infrared tubular heaters ensure uniform thermal fields, synchronized heating, and high-precision results in glass molding systems.

Why Are High-Hardness Tungsten Carbide (Wc) Anvils Used For Synthesizing Stishovite? Achieve Extreme 28 Gpa Pressures

Learn why Tungsten Carbide anvils are essential for stishovite synthesis, offering the compressive strength to reach 28 GPa without deformation.

What Is The Function Of A Vacuum Drying Oven In Battery-Grade Silicon Purity Analysis? Ensure Ultra-Pure Sample Prep

Learn how vacuum drying ovens remove chemically adsorbed water at 120°C to prevent TGA interference in battery silicon analysis.

What Are The Functions Of Natural Hydraulic Lime (Nhl) And Geopolymer Binders? Create Eco-Friendly Masonry Bee Bricks

Learn how NHL and geopolymer binders provide structural strength, breathability, and low carbon footprints for sustainable bee brick masonry.

Why Is A Polymer Binder Like Pva Used For Nickel Powder Molding? Achieve Stronger Green Bodies And Crack-Free Targets

Learn how PVA enhances structural integrity, prevents micro-cracking, and stabilizes nickel powder compacts for laser target preparation.

What Are The Functions Of A Gold Sealing Tube? Ensure Precision In High-Pressure Rubidium Niobate Synthesis

Learn how gold sealing tubes preserve stoichiometry, prevent rubidium volatilization, and transmit pressure in high-pressure material synthesis.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of High-Performance Membranes For Iron-Chromium Flow Batteries? Boost Battery Efficiency

Learn why selecting high-performance ion exchange membranes is crucial for preventing electrolyte mixing and ensuring high energy efficiency.

What Are The Functional Requirements For The Specialized Adapters Used To Connect Pressure Vessels To External Load Frames?

Learn the essential requirements for pressure vessel adapters, focusing on high-strength alloy construction, rigidity, and precise beam alignment.

What Problem Is Addressed By Installing Lvdt Sensors On Hydraulic Valves? Achieve Precise Flow & Positional Control

Learn how LVDT sensors solve positional uncertainty and non-linearity in hydraulic valves, enabling real-time flow prediction and feedback control.

Why Combine Dems And Atr-Seiras For Battery Analysis? Bridge Gas And Surface Data For Complete Insights

Learn why combining DEMS and ATR-SEIRAS is essential for real-time monitoring of gas-phase evolution and surface reaction intermediates in batteries.

Why Monitor Stack Pressure In All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries? Optimize Charging With Precise Regulation

Learn why real-time pressure regulation is vital for managing 60%+ volume expansion and ensuring battery stability in solid-state lithium systems.

What Is The Function Of Industrial-Grade Extrusion Equipment In Ntp Fuel Prep? Achieving Precision In Nuclear Propulsion

Learn how industrial-grade extrusion equipment shapes graphite-based NTP fuel elements, ensuring precise geometry and coolant channel symmetry.

Why Is A Stepwise Rolling Process Necessary For Dle Electrostatic Spraying? Optimize Solvent-Free Electrode Quality

Learn why stepwise rolling is crucial for solvent-free double-layer electrodes to prevent defects, improve conductivity, and ensure bonding.

What Role Does The Hot Pressing Process Play In The Synthesis Of Silver Selenide (Ag2Se) Based Flexible Thermoelectric Films?

Discover how hot pressing optimizes density, crystallinity, and mechanical durability in Ag2Se flexible thermoelectric films.

How Does A Precision Blade Coater Ensure The Quality Of Thick Ncm-811 Composite Cathodes? Optimize Battery Capacity

Learn how precision blade coating enables high mass loading and uniform slurry deposition for high-performance NCM-811 cathode production.

Why Must Lvp Coin Cells Be Assembled In An Inert Glove Box? Ensure Precision In Battery Research

Learn why Lithium Vanadium Phosphate assembly requires an inert atmosphere to prevent lithium oxidation and electrolyte decomposition.

Why Use Sem-Bse For Ti(C, N)-Based Cermets? Unlock Atomic Contrast And Phase Identification

Learn why Backscattered Electron (BSE) mode is vital for Ti(C, N) cermets, enabling Z-contrast to distinguish core-rim phases and detect defects.

How Does A Deformation Dia (D-Dia) Apparatus Contribute To The Study Of Low-Temperature Plasticity In Olivine? Unlocking Deep-Earth Mechanics

Learn how D-DIA apparatus enables independent pressure control and high-stress states to simulate low-temperature plasticity in olivine research.

What Are The Functions Of Titanium Rods In Solid-State Battery Testing Molds? Essential Plungers & Current Collectors

Learn how titanium rods enable high-pressure testing (75 MPa) and provide chemical stability for solid-state battery electrolytes and interfaces.

How Does The Evaluation Of The Debye Temperature Assist In The Heat Treatment Processing Of Solid Electrolytes?

Learn how Debye temperature evaluations dictate sintering windows and temperature control for high-performance solid electrolytes.

Why Is High-Purity Pe Powder The Matrix For Thz Spectroscopy? Achieve Clear Ahl Fingerprint Analysis

Learn why high-purity PE powder is the ideal matrix for terahertz spectroscopy, offering spectral transparency and structural support.

What Is The Function Of Organic Binders In The Pelletizing Process Of Manganese Ore Powder? Enhancing Pellet Strength

Learn how organic binders like acrylic acid copolymers improve mechanical strength and prevent pulverization in manganese ore pelletizing.

Why Are Anisotropic Templates Like Ldhs Used In Janus Hydrogels? Create High-Speed Ion Highways For Batteries

Learn how anisotropic LDH templates create uniaxial porosity gradients in hydrogels to optimize ion transport and boost battery performance.

Why Is A High-Performance Laboratory Oven Required For Water Hyacinth Biomass Pellets? Optimize Your Fuel Production

Learn why precise moisture control via high-performance ovens is critical for curing, stability, and efficiency in biomass pellet production.

Why Must Catalyst Charging For Admet Polymerization Be Conducted In An Inert Environment? Protect Your Polymer Yields

Learn why ruthenium catalysts for ADMET polymerization require gloveboxes or Schlenk lines to prevent degradation and ensure high-molecular-weight.

Why Is Litfsi Utilized As A Dual-Function Additive? Enhance Ncm523 Cathode Regeneration And Stability

Discover how LiTFSI acts as a surface coating and internal dopant to synergistically enhance NCM523 cathode stability during regeneration.

How Does Non-Uniform Plastic Strain Affect Pm2000 Alloy Recrystallization? Lower Temperatures Through Precision Strain.

Learn how non-uniform plastic strain from hydraulic equipment lowers PM2000 recrystallization temperatures and refines grain size for better quality.

What Unique Advantages Does A Spark Plasma Sintering (Sps) Furnace Offer For Al2O3–Cbn Composite Preparation?

Discover how SPS prevents cBN degradation and inhibits grain growth in Al2O3–cBN composites through rapid densification and pulsed current heating.

What Are The Specific Functions Of Displacement Sensors Like L-Gauges Or C-Gauges In Steel Thermal Simulation?

Learn how displacement sensors like L-gauges and C-gauges monitor real-time deformation to generate flow curves for medium carbon steel simulation.

What Is The Purpose Of The High-Vacuum Two-Step Dewaxing Process For Titanium? Ensure Pure, Defect-Free Sintering

Learn how the two-step high-vacuum dewaxing process prevents oxidation and internal cracking in titanium green bodies by managing gas release.

What Role Does A Pressure-Controlled Eis System Play In Solid-State Battery Research? Optimizing Ion Conductivity

Learn how pressure-controlled EIS identifies the optimal pressure window for solid-state batteries to balance contact area and ionic mobility.

Why Is A Pouch Cell And Pressure Device Preferred For Lithium Anode Research? Achieve Industrial Fidelity

Learn why pouch cells with precision pressure devices outperform coin cells in lithium metal battery research for uniform deposition and accurate data.

Why Is High-Temperature Heating Necessary For Clay-Based Biopesticides? Unlock Maximum Purity And Adsorption

Learn why high-temperature heating is critical for clay biopesticides to remove impurities, clear micro-channels, and maximize oil absorption.

How Do The Built-In Sample Platform And Petri Dishes Affect Honey Spectral Measurement? Optimize Your Optical Geometry

Learn how fixing optical paths and using standardized petri dishes reduces experimental variance and improves accuracy in honey spectral analysis.

What Is The Role Of Polyvinyl Alcohol (Pva) In Si3N4-Sic Production? Enhancing Green Body Integrity

Learn how Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) acts as a vital organic binder to improve green body strength and shape retention in ceramic composites.

What Is The Primary Function Of Adding Al2O3 And Y2O3 To Si3N4-Sic? Optimize Your Ceramic Sintering

Learn how Al2O3 and Y2O3 act as vital sintering aids to form a liquid phase, promoting densification in Si3N4-SiC ceramic composites.

What Is The Role Of A High-Pressure Compression Test Device For Ato Materials? Achieve Accurate Conductivity Results

Learn how high-pressure compression devices eliminate measurement errors to reveal the true electrical conductivity of ATO carrier materials.

How Does Heat Treatment In An Inert Gas Environment Affect Micro-Thrombectomy Stents? Ensure Safety & Elasticity

Learn how inert gas heat treatment at 650°C sets Nitinol shape memory and prevents oxidation to ensure stent biocompatibility and performance.

Why Is A High Vacuum Oven Used For Meeg-Cs Aerogels? Master Final Thermal Stabilization For Industrial Durability

Learn why 190°C high vacuum treatment is critical for MEEG-CS aerogels to ensure hydrophobicity, remove volatiles, and enhance structural bonding.

How Do Centrifuges Or Vacuum Infiltration Devices Improve Sicn Ceramic Quality? Achieve Defect-Free High-Strength Materials

Learn how centrifuges and vacuum infiltration eliminate air bubbles and ensure complete precursor wetting in SiCN ceramic manufacturing.

How Do Instrumented Dies Equipped With Radial Stress Sensors Assist In Calibrating Powder Compression Models?

Learn how radial stress sensors capture lateral pressure to calculate friction coefficients and calibrate accurate powder compression models.

Why Is Stearic Acid Used As An Additive In Ceramic Pressing? Improve Density And Prevent Defects

Learn how stearic acid acts as an internal lubricant to reduce friction, ensure uniform density, and prevent cracking in ceramic powders.

What Is The Function Of The Polyolefin Separator Used In Nimh Batteries? Enhancing Safety And Performance

Learn how polyolefin separators prevent short circuits and facilitate ion flow in NiMH batteries through advanced microporous engineering.

How Is A High Vacuum Oven Used For Infrared Detection In Battery Research? Perfecting The Electrode-Fiber Interface

Learn how high vacuum ovens enable precise solvent removal and solid-solid contact for high-fidelity infrared signal sampling in battery research.

What Are The Advantages Of A Point Load Tester For Rock Strength? Speed Up Field Assessment With Kintek

Learn how Point Load Testers bypass sample prep and provide real-time UCS estimates for irregular rock and drill cores.

What Is The Primary Industrial Purpose Of Performing Thermal Treatment On Functionally Graded Composites?

Learn how thermal treatment provides internal stress relief, grain refinement, and enhanced bonding for functionally graded composite materials.

What Characteristics Are Evaluated During Contact Angle Testing Of Polyethylene Film? Measure Surface Polarity & Stability

Learn how contact angle testing evaluates surface polarity, wettability, and additive migration in polyethylene films for superior quality control.

Why Is 10 Mpa Pressure Critical For Cff-Peek Hot Pressing? Achieve Superior Composite Mechanical Strength

Learn how 10 MPa pressure overcomes PEEK's high melt viscosity to ensure full resin infiltration and maximize interlaminar shear strength (ILSS).

How Do Laboratory Ovens Contribute To Lmto-Drx Sol-To-Xerogel Transition? Master Structural Homogeneity

Learn how precision heating platforms drive regulated hydrolysis and polycondensation to transform LMTO-DRX sol into stable, amorphous xerogels.