The screw functions as the primary power component within a screw extruder, acting as both the transport mechanism and the source of densification force. It is responsible for physically conveying loose biomass toward the mold while simultaneously generating the intense mechanical pressure required to compress the material into a solid form.
The screw transforms rotational energy into mechanical compression force. By driving loose material against geometric constraints, it generates the radial and axial pressure necessary to overcome internal friction and achieve high-density biomass formation.
The Dual Mechanics of the Screw
Conveying Loose Material
The first fundamental role of the screw is material transport. As the screw rotates, it continuously engages with the loose biomass fed into the system.
This action pushes the material forward through the barrel, effectively moving it from the intake section toward the mold end where formation occurs.
Generating Extrusion Pressure
While conveying material, the screw creates the environment for densification. The geometric compression of the screw blades reduces the volume available for the biomass as it moves forward.
This reduction in volume generates high-intensity radial and axial extrusion pressure. This pressure is the mechanical force that transforms the loose particles into a compacted state.
The Formation Process
Overcoming Internal Friction
For biomass to bind together into a high-density product, significant resistance must be overcome. This resistance is known as internal friction.
The mechanical compression force provided by the screw is the essential driver that defeats this friction. Without sufficient force from the screw, the material would remain loose and fail to form a cohesive structure.
High-Density Formation
The ultimate goal of the screw's power transmission is the permanent deformation and binding of the material. By applying continuous, high-pressure force, the screw ensures the biomass achieves the required density before it exits the mold.
Critical Considerations in Pressure Generation
Balancing Friction and Flow
While the screw must generate high pressure, there is a delicate balance involved. The force must be strong enough to overcome internal friction, but not so excessive that it halts material flow entirely.
The Impact of Geometry
The effectiveness of the screw is entirely dependent on its blade geometry. If the compression ratio designed into the blades is insufficient, the screw will convey material without generating the necessary radial and axial pressure for formation.
Making the Right Choice for Your Goal
To optimize the performance of a screw extruder, you must align the screw's operation with your production targets.
- If your primary focus is material density: Prioritize a screw geometry designed for maximum compression to generate higher radial and axial pressure against internal friction.
- If your primary focus is process stability: Ensure the screw provides consistent conveyance to prevent material surges that could overwhelm the pressure generation zone.
The screw is not just a conveyor; it is the mechanical heart that dictates the density and quality of the final output.
Summary Table:
| Screw Function | Description | Key Impact on Formation |
|---|---|---|
| Material Conveying | Transports loose biomass from the intake to the mold. | Ensures a steady flow and continuous production. |
| Compression Force | Converts rotational energy into radial and axial pressure. | Generates the mechanical force required for densification. |
| Friction Overcoming | Provides the energy to defeat internal material resistance. | Enables loose particles to bind into a cohesive solid. |
| Volume Reduction | Geometric blade design reduces space as material moves. | Increases density and determines the quality of the final output. |
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References
- Nagini Yarramsetty, Neverov V.S.. Sustainable Energy from Biomass Waste: Design and Fabrication of a Screw Briquetting Machine with Calorific Value Assessment. DOI: 10.14445/23488360/ijme-v12i11p105
This article is also based on technical information from Kintek Press Knowledge Base .
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