What Necessary Conditions Does A High-Purity Argon Glovebox Provide For Zn-Ibpe? Essential Labs Tips For Electrolytes

Learn how high-purity argon gloveboxes (<0.1 ppm H2O/O2) prevent monomer degradation and initiator failure in Zn-IBPE electrolyte synthesis.

What Is The Role Of Ball Milling And Zirconia Media In Bnbt6 Preparation? Optimize Ceramic Synthesis With Kintek

Learn how high-hardness zirconia media and ball milling ensure particle refinement and chemical homogeneity for pure BNBT6 perovskite ceramics.

Why Is A Pouch Cell And Pressure Device Preferred For Lithium Anode Research? Achieve Industrial Fidelity

Learn why pouch cells with precision pressure devices outperform coin cells in lithium metal battery research for uniform deposition and accurate data.

What Are The Installation Requirements For W-Re Or Pt-Rh Thermocouples? Master Precision In Cubic Press Monitoring

Learn the essential installation requirements for thermocouples in cubic presses, focusing on radial insertion and precise junction centering.

What Is The Function Of An Embedded Thermocouple In Uas? Master Real-Time Control For Ultrasonic-Assisted Sintering

Learn how embedded thermocouples provide second-level feedback to quantify heat sources and prevent material melting in Ultrasonic-Assisted Sintering.

Why Is It Necessary To Strictly Control Processing Parameters? Master Bismuth-Based Solid Electrolyte Performance

Learn how processing parameters impact bismuth-based electrolytes. Control void ratios and crystallinity to maximize ionic conductivity.

What Is The Role Of High-Power Ultrasonic Processors In Hnt Surface Treatment? Achieve Uniform Nanotube Modification

Learn how high-power ultrasonic processors use acoustic cavitation to de-agglomerate Halloysite Nanotubes for uniform chemical modification.

Why Combine Sem And Epma For Titanium-Based Composite Microstructures? Achieve Precise Chemical And Visual Validation.

Learn why the synergy of SEM imaging and EPMA quantitative analysis is essential for verifying titanium composite morphology and chemical ratios.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A Customized Single-Sided Exposure Specimen Fixture? Ensure Precision In Coating Tests

Learn how single-sided exposure fixtures isolate specific test areas on titanium foil to eliminate edge effects and backside interference.

Why Is It Necessary To Assemble Lnmo Coin Cells Within A Laboratory Glove Box? Ensure High-Voltage Battery Stability

Learn why a glove box is vital for LNMO coin cell assembly to prevent electrolyte hydrolysis and cathode degradation from moisture and oxygen.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of Multi-Stage Sandpaper Grinding On Titanium? Enhance Nb-Doped Tio2 Film Quality

Learn why multi-stage grinding is essential for removing oxide layers and ensuring uniform Nb-doped TiO2 film adhesion on titanium substrates.

What Is The Importance Of A High-Precision Hydraulic Crimper? Achieve Consistent Data In Battery Material Testing

Learn how high-precision hydraulic crimpers ensure hermetic sealing and uniform pressure to eliminate variables in battery material performance tests.

What Is The Purpose Of Introducing Conductive Carbon Nanostructures Into Lithium-Ion Batteries? Boost Your Energy Efficiency

Learn how conductive carbon nanostructures bridge the conductivity gap in Li-ion batteries to enhance electron transport and storage capacity.

What Are The Disadvantages Of Induction Heating For Hot Pressing? Expert Insights On Costs & Thermal Risks

Learn the primary drawbacks of induction heating in hot pressing, from high equipment costs to the critical risks of thermal shock and gradients.

What Is The Hygroscopic Property Of Kbr And How Should It Be Managed? Ensure Clear Ftir Spectra Every Time

Learn how to manage KBr hygroscopy in FTIR pellet prep. Discover protocols for moisture control, glovebox use, and grinding tips for better data.

How Is A Cellulose Wax Binder Used In The Preparation Of Xrf Sample Pellets? Achieve Stable, Invisible Binding

Learn how to use cellulose wax binders in XRF pellet preparation. Master mixing ratios and compaction for precise elemental analysis.

What Is The Role Of Nylon/Pe Bags In Hpp Experiments? Ensure Lossless Pressure Transfer And Sample Purity

Learn how flexible Nylon/PE packaging acts as a critical medium for lossless force transfer and contamination control in High-Pressure Processing.

What Is The Necessity Of High-Performance Gaskets In Li-S Battery Test Units? Ensure Data Integrity And Lab Safety

Learn why fluoroelastomer gaskets are critical for Li-S battery testing, providing chemical resistance and protection for lithium anodes.

Why Is Tem Essential For Sicn Ceramics? Visualize 5-50Nm Mesoscopic Structures And Verify Pyrolysis Stability.

Learn why Transmission Electron Microscopy is critical for SiCN ceramic analysis, resolving 5-50nm morphologies and verifying structural integrity.

How Does A Precision Heating System Facilitate The Transfer Process When Using Thermal Release Tape (Trt)?

Learn how precision heating systems activate Thermal Release Tape (TRT) by triggering thermal energy above 100°C for clean, high-fidelity transfers.

Why Is Vacuum Sealing In Polyethylene Bags Necessary For Muscle Samples? Ensure Uniform Isostatic Pressing Results

Learn why vacuum sealing in polyethylene bags is vital for isostatic pressing of muscle samples to ensure uniform pressure and sample integrity.

What Role Does An Inert Atmosphere Glovebox Play In The Synthesis Of Air-Sensitive Uranium(V) Alkoxides?

Learn how inert atmosphere gloveboxes protect uranium(V) alkoxides from hydrolysis and oxidation by maintaining moisture and oxygen levels < 0.1 ppm.

Why Must Prepared Solid-State Electrolyte Membranes Be Stored In An Argon-Protected Glove Box Before Battery Assembly?

Learn why argon-protected glove boxes are essential for solid-state electrolyte stability, preventing moisture degradation and toxic gas formation.

Why Is It Necessary To Prepare Diels-Alder Reaction-Based Heat-Sensitive Electrolytes Inside An Argon-Filled Glove Box?

Learn why preparing Diels-Alder electrolytes in an argon glove box is critical to prevent LiTFSI hydrolysis and organic solvent oxidation.

What Is The Role Of Isopropanol In Bzy Ball Milling? Enhancing Ceramic Powder Homogeneity

Learn how isopropanol prevents agglomeration and ensures molecular-level mixing during the planetary ball milling of BZY ceramic powders.

What Is The Necessity Of Using An Ubbelohde Viscometer For Pbst? Ensure High-Quality Polymer Characterization

Learn why the Ubbelohde viscometer is essential for measuring PBST intrinsic viscosity, ensuring molecular weight quality and processing stability.

What Are The Benefits Of Fused Silica Discs In Battery Stress Testing? Achieve Zero-Noise Data Accuracy

Learn why fused silica discs outperform polymers as insulating spacers by eliminating parasitic stress signals and ensuring thermal stability.

What Is The Function Of A Fiberglass Separator In Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries? Key Roles In Safety And Ion Transport

Learn how fiberglass separators prevent short circuits and enable ionic transport through superior electrolyte wettability in zinc metal batteries.

What Are The Advantages Of Profile-Based Indentation Plastometry? Precision Characterization Beyond Load-Depth Curves

Discover why profile-based indentation plastometry (PIP) outperforms traditional methods by eliminating thermal drift and compliance errors.

Why Must Li2Fes2-Xfx Battery Assembly Be In An Argon Glove Box? Ensure Stoichiometric Stability And Performance.

Learn why Li2FeS2-xFx precursors require an argon-protected glove box with < 1 ppm O2/H2O to prevent degradation and electrode failure.

How Does A Coin Cell Crimper Affect The Accuracy Of Electrochemical Testing For Spinel-Structured Heo? Ensure Precision

Learn how coin cell crimpers ensure electrochemical accuracy for HEOs by stabilizing contact resistance and providing airtight encapsulation.

Why Are Strict Temperature And Pressure Controls Necessary During The In Situ Curing Of Gel Electrolyte Interfaces?

Learn how precise heat and pressure controls during in situ curing optimize ion transport and suppress dendrites in lithium metal batteries.

Why Is It Necessary To Assemble Cc-Tio2 Sodium-Ion Half-Cells Inside A High-Purity Argon Glove Box? Ensure Data Accuracy

Learn why high-purity argon glove boxes are essential for sodium-ion half-cell assembly to protect sodium anodes and prevent electrolyte degradation.

How Does A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Contribute To Testing Na3Sbs4? Optimize Sodium Tetrathioantimonate Characterization

Learn how 660 MPa of pressure from a laboratory hydraulic press eliminates porosity and contact resistance in Na3SbS4 solid electrolyte samples.

Why Strict Particle Size Limits For Ti-2.5Al-Xmn Alloy? Optimize Your Sintering Process Now

Learn why aluminum and manganese powder sizes are strictly limited to ensure rapid diffusion and homogeneity in titanium alloy fabrication.

Why Must High-Sealing Laboratory Glove Boxes Be Used During Sulfide Electrolyte Pressing? Ensure Safety And Performance

Learn why high-sealing glove boxes are essential for sulfide electrolytes to prevent toxic H2S gas and preserve critical ionic conductivity.

Why Is An Inert Gas Glovebox Essential For The Characterization Of Cage? Ensure High-Purity Ionic Liquid Analysis

Learn why CAGE characterization requires an inert gas glovebox to prevent moisture contamination and ensure accurate DSC and EPR results.

What Is The Purpose Of A D-Type Thermocouple? Master High-Pressure Temperature Control Up To 2100°C

Learn how D-type (W-Re) thermocouples provide stable temperature monitoring up to 2100°C in high-pressure synthesis and adiabatic environments.

Why Must The Handling Of Inorganic Hydrates Like Calcium Chloride Be Performed In A Glove Box? Protect Sample Integrity

Learn why dry nitrogen glove boxes are essential for handling hygroscopic materials like calcium chloride to prevent deliquescence and mass errors.

What Is The Significance Of Using A High-Temperature Microhardness Tester For In718? Validating Alloy Durability At 650°C

Learn how high-temperature microhardness testing validates IN718 alloy sintered by SPS, ensuring mechanical integrity and stability at 650°C.

Why Is An Inert Gas Glove Box Necessary When Handling Fluoride-Ion Battery Materials? Ensure Data Integrity

Learn why inert gas glove boxes are essential for BaSnF4 and BiF3 battery materials to prevent hydrolysis and ensure reliable electrochemical data.

How Does Measuring Tap Density Inform Laboratory Hydraulic Press Settings? Optimize Your Powder Metallurgy Precision

Learn how tap density data directs hydraulic press calibration, filling volume, and pressure ranges to ensure superior material densification.

Why Must The Assembly Of Sodium-Ion Batteries Be Conducted Within A Glove Box? Ensure Safety & Material Integrity

Learn why ultra-low moisture and oxygen levels are critical for sodium-ion battery assembly to prevent material degradation and ensure data accuracy.

Why Are High-Precision Force Sensors Essential For Battery Performance? Key Insights For Testing Success

Learn how high-precision force sensors capture real-time data to analyze battery mechanical stress, failure thresholds, and structural integrity.

What Is The Primary Role Of Thin-Walled Steel Containers? Secure Titanium Powder Consolidation & Purity

Learn how thin-walled steel containers protect titanium powder from oxidation and edge cracking during high-temperature thermal consolidation.

What Role Does Mechanical Processing Play In Flexible Q-Cof Solid-State Membranes? Achieve 10.5 Gpa Structural Rigidity

Learn how mechanical processing optimizes Q-COF solid-state electrolytes by balancing 10.5 GPa stiffness with flexibility for ion transport.

Why Is Polyimide (Kapton) Film Encapsulation Necessary For Xrd? Protect Your Solid-State Electrolytes

Learn how Kapton film preserves solid-state electrolyte integrity during XRD by preventing moisture degradation while ensuring X-ray transparency.

Why Sieve Batio3–Bisco3 Powder Before Pressing? Ensure Uniform Green Bodies And Microstructural Integrity

Learn why sieving BaTiO3–BiScO3 powder is critical for ceramic processing to ensure uniform density and eliminate defects in the final product.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Sealed Swagelok-Type Battery Device For Fluoride-Ion Batteries? Maximize Test Accuracy

Learn how sealed Swagelok-type cells enhance fluoride-ion battery testing through superior sealing, thermal stability, and low interface impedance.

What Role Does Hot Isostatic Pressing (Hip) Play In Nbtialsizrnx Target Preparation? Ensure High-Entropy Alloy Purity

Learn how HIP densifies and homogenizes NbTiAlSiZrNx targets to eliminate porosity and ensure stable atomic flux for high-quality thin film sputtering.

Why Is Fluorine Oil Selected As The Pressure-Transmitting Medium? Achieve Nmr Signal Purity In Shale Gas Research

Discover why fluorine oil is essential for coal-bearing shale gas experiments using 1H-NMR by eliminating hydrogen signal interference.

What Is The Role Of Alumina Grinding Balls In The Mixing Process Of La-Gd-Y Rare Earth Oxide-Alumina Ceramic Powders?

Learn how alumina grinding balls enable atomic-level dispersion and mechanical activation for high-performance La-Gd-Y rare earth ceramic powders.

What Is The Function Of Wc Piston Components? Achieve High-Pressure Precision In Uniaxial Resistivity Testing

Learn how tungsten carbide pistons provide the rigidity and compressive strength needed for accurate uniaxial resistivity measurements on thin films.

Why Must Halide Solid Electrolytes Be Prepared In An Argon Glove Box? Ensure Peak Ion Conductivity

Learn why high-purity argon environments are essential for halide electrolytes to prevent hydrolysis and maintain critical ion conduction pathways.

What Is The Primary Function Of An Overpressure (Op) System In Bi-2223 Wire Production? Boost Superconductor Performance

Learn how OP processing systems use isostatic pressure and gas control to eliminate porosity and heal cracks in Bi-2223 superconducting wires.

What Role Does Flexible Graphite Paper (Grafoil) Play In Hip? Ensure Sample Purity And Easy Release

Learn how flexible graphite paper prevents chemical reactions and diffusion during Hot Isostatic Pressing while acting as a vital release lubricant.

Why Is A Combination Of Uniaxial Pressing And Cip Required? Master Hap/Cnt Composite Green Body Density Control

Learn why HAp/CNT composite preparation requires both uniaxial pressing and CIP to eliminate density gradients and prevent sintering defects.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A High-Temperature Annealing Furnace At 1250°C? Achieve Stable Alpha-Alumina Ceramics

Learn how 1250°C annealing transforms cold-sintered alumina into stable alpha-alumina by removing moisture and enhancing mechanical strength.

Why Is An Alumina Crucible Chosen For Molten Salt Synthesis Of Halogenated Mxenes? Ensure High Purity & Thermal Stability

Learn why alumina crucibles are the ideal reaction vessels for MXene synthesis, offering superior resistance to molten salts and high heat.

Why Must The Assembly Of Sodium-Ion Button Cells Be Conducted In An Argon-Filled Glove Box? Expert Lab Insights

Learn why ultra-low oxygen and moisture levels (<0.01 ppm) are critical for sodium-ion battery assembly to ensure safety and data integrity.

What Core Role Does A Vickers Hardness Tester Play In Ti(C, N)-Based Cermets? Unlocking High-Performance Material Data

Learn how Vickers hardness testers evaluate high-temperature hardness and fracture toughness to optimize Ti(C, N)-based cermet performance.

Why Are Bipolar Plates Considered A Core Structural Component In Iron-Chromium Flow Battery Stacks? | Essential Guide

Discover why bipolar plates are the 'skeleton and circulatory system' of iron-chromium flow batteries, impacting efficiency and lifespan.

What Is The Function Of Graphite Felt In Flow Batteries? Optimize Your Iron-Chromium Battery Performance

Learn how porous graphite felt acts as the critical interface for energy conversion and fluid dynamics in iron-chromium flow battery electrodes.

What Are The Sample Preparation Requirements For Sem Analysis Of Concrete? Mastering Micro-Morphology Imaging

Learn the essential SEM sample preparation steps for concrete: extraction, drying, and gold coating to ensure high-quality microscopic imaging.

Why Is Specific Thickness Lithium Metal Foil Preferred Over Lithium Metal Powder? Optimize Your Prelithiation Efficiency

Discover why lithium foil outperforms powder in prelithiation, offering uniform coverage, precise thickness, and simpler manufacturing.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of Using An Industrial High-Temperature Oven For Wsb? Achieve 3% Moisture Precision

Learn why reducing moisture to 3% using high-temperature ovens is critical for WSB resin bonding and preventing board delamination.

Why Are Strain Gauges And Portable Displays Required For Monitoring Pressure Frames In Synchrotron Experiments?

Learn how strain gauges and portable displays ensure safety and real-time monitoring in high-radiation beamline environments.

Why Are High-Pressure Battery Fixtures Necessary? Optimize Lithium Metal Pouch Cell Testing Performance

Learn how high-pressure fixtures suppress lithium anode expansion, prevent 'dead lithium,' and reduce interfacial resistance in pouch cells.

Why Must The Assembly Of Anode-Free Lithium Metal Pouch Cells Occur Within An Ultra-High Purity Argon Glove Box?

Learn why < 0.1 ppm argon environments are essential for anode-free lithium cells to prevent oxidation, hydrolysis, and SEI degradation.

Why Do Screw Extruders Used For Biomass Processing Require A High-Torque Gearbox? Power For High-Pressure Densification

Understand why biomass screw extruders need high-torque gearboxes to overcome die resistance and process high-density materials effectively.

How Can Electro-Sinter-Forging (Esf) Be Conducted In Air? Learn The Velocity Secret To Zero Oxidation

Discover how the 20-30ms cycle of Electro-Sinter-Forging (ESF) prevents oxidation in air environments, eliminating the need for vacuum systems.

What Is The Purpose Of A Carbon Powder Bed Design In Sps? Sintering Complex Max Phase Components With Ease

Learn how carbon powder beds enable quasi-isostatic pressure in SPS to sinter complex MAX phase geometries without distortion or cracking.

How Do Specialized Loading Frames And Laboratory Press Machines Collaborate To Test Hsscc Flexural Strength?

Learn how laboratory presses and loading frames work together to measure flexural strength and deformation resistance in high-strength concrete.

How Do Heated Aluminum Molds Contribute To The Bonding Strength Between Peek Leaflets And Composite Stents?

Learn how heated aluminum molds enable thermal fusion and high crystallinity for superior PEEK-stent bonding in heart valve manufacturing.

Why Are High-Specification Glovebox Or Schlenk Line Systems Necessary For Tetrathiotungstate Coordination Synthesis?

Learn why strict inert atmospheres are essential for europium recovery, protecting redox-active ligands from oxygen and moisture degradation.

How Does The Construction Of An Mxene And Graphene Heterostructure Improve Electrode Performance? Boost Energy Storage

Learn how MXene and graphene heterostructures enhance electrode conductivity, accelerate charge transfer, and improve high-rate energy storage.

Why Is The Precise Regulation Of Surface Functional Groups On 2D Mxene Materials Necessary For Ss Lithium Batteries?

Learn how surface regulation of 2D MXenes optimizes interfacial compatibility and lithium-ion transport for high-performance solid-state batteries.

Why Is It Necessary To Perform The Preparation And Assembly Of Sulfide Solid-State Batteries Within A Laboratory Glovebox?

Discover why sulfide solid-state battery assembly requires a glovebox to prevent H2S toxic gas release and ensure material conductivity.

Why Must Mof Solid Electrolyte Samples Be Handled In An Argon Glove Box? Ensure Data Integrity And Accuracy

Learn why MOF characterization requires an argon environment to prevent parasitic proton conduction and ensure accurate ion conductivity data.

How Does A High-Purity Inert Gas Glovebox Facilitate The Preparation Of Air-Sensitive Iridium Catalyst Systems?

Learn how high-purity gloveboxes protect iridium catalysts and chiral ligands from oxidation to ensure high conversion in hydroarylation.

Why Are Grinding Jars And Balls Made Of Zirconia Typically Selected For The Secondary Milling Of Llzto Mixed Powder?

Learn why zirconia is the industry standard for LLZTO milling to ensure high ionic conductivity and prevent harmful chemical contamination.

How Does High-Purity Argon Gas Ensure Al/Rha Composite Quality? Preventing Oxidation & Porosity In Aluminum Melting

Learn how high-purity Argon creates an inert barrier to prevent oxide formation and hydrogen porosity during Al/RHA composite fabrication.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of Using A High-Purity Argon Environment During Hip? Ensure Material Integrity & Density

Learn how high-purity argon acts as a pressure medium and inert shield to eliminate defects and prevent oxidation during Hot Isostatic Pressing.

How Does Battery Sealing Equipment Ensure Pouch Cell Safety? Key Insights For Battery Research

Learn how precision sealing equipment prevents electrolyte leakage and environmental ingress to ensure pouch cell safety and performance.

How Does A Manual Sample Press And Vented Aluminum Crucible Contribute To The Dsc Analysis Of Perovskite Glass?

Optimize DSC analysis for perovskite glass: learn how manual sample presses and vented crucibles ensure thermal contact and data accuracy.

Why Must Waterproof Insulating Materials Be Used To Seal Sifcon Specimens? Ensure Precise Unidirectional Flow Testing

Learn why sealing SIFCON specimen sides is critical for accurate capillary water absorption tests and ensuring data integrity in lab research.

Why Is Anhydrous Alcohol Used As A Dispersion Medium For Long-Term Ball Milling In Nd3+:Yag/Cr4+:Yag Preparation?

Learn why anhydrous alcohol's low viscosity and wetting properties are essential for atomic-level uniformity in composite laser ceramics.

Why Must All-Solid-State Batteries Be Assembled In A Glove Box? Ensure Purity For Battery Performance

Learn why inert gas glove boxes are essential for solid-state battery assembly to prevent hydrolysis, oxidation, and toxic gas release.

What Is The Role Of A High-Power Ultrasonic Transducer In The Cemented Carbide Powder Forming Process?

Learn how high-power ultrasonic transducers improve powder fluidity, eliminate bridging, and enhance density in cemented carbide forming.

Why Must The Assembly Of Silicon-Graphite Anode Half-Cells Be Performed Within An Argon-Filled Glove Box?

Learn why an argon-filled glove box is essential for silicon-graphite anode assembly to prevent lithium oxidation and electrolyte degradation.

What Problems Does Dem Address In Sintering Systems? Enhance Your Simulation Accuracy With Realistic Initialization

Learn how the Discrete Element Method (DEM) solves initialization challenges, particle packing, and force calculation in sintering simulations.

How Do Boron-Epoxy Gaskets Contribute To The Effectiveness Of Xrd? Enhance Thermal Insulation And Data Clarity

Learn how boron-epoxy gaskets optimize high-temperature XRD by providing thermal insulation and low X-ray absorption for clearer data acquisition.

What Is The Purpose Of Performing Immediate Water Quenching After High-Temperature Compression? Freeze Microstructure

Learn why immediate water quenching is critical for A100 steel to freeze dynamic recrystallization and prevent grain growth after deformation.

What Role Does Advanced Catalyst Design Play In Fuel Cell Systems? Enhance Efficiency, Stability, And Cost-Efficiency

Discover how advanced catalyst design optimizes oxygen reduction reactions and reduces material costs to boost fuel cell system performance.

How Does The Addition Of Lubricants Like Magnesium Stearate Affect The Results Of The Powder Compression Process?

Learn how lubricants like magnesium stearate reduce friction, ensure uniform part density, and prevent defects in powder compression.

Why Must Sulfide-Based All-Solid-State Batteries Be Prepared In An Argon Glovebox? Protect Safety & Performance

Learn why argon-protected gloveboxes are essential for sulfide-based batteries to prevent toxic H2S gas and maintain ionic conductivity.

What Is The Primary Function Of Peek Insulating Sleeves? Secure Your All-Solid-State Battery Assembly Success

Learn how PEEK insulating sleeves provide mechanical strength, electrical insulation, and chemical stability in solid-state battery assembly.

Why Is A High-Uniformity Mixing Process Critical In The Preparation Of Pmps@Latp Composite Electrolyte Slurry?

Learn why uniform mixing is vital for PMPS@LATP electrolytes, ensuring ion transport, conductivity, and structural integrity in batteries.

What Advantages Do Ceramic Separators Offer In Solid-State Batteries? Boost Safety And Density In Energy Storage

Discover how ceramic separators replace liquid electrolytes to eliminate flammability risks and enable high-density lithium metal anodes.

How Does A Laboratory Inert Gas Glove Box Protect Polished Llzto Ceramic Pellets? Preserve Battery Material Integrity

Learn how inert gas glove boxes protect LLZTO ceramic pellets by maintaining moisture and oxygen below 0.1 ppm to prevent lithium carbonate formation.