How Does The Cold Pressing Process Affect Sulfide Solid Electrolytes? Optimize Microstructure For Battery Research

Learn how cold pressing densifies sulfide electrolytes, eliminates pores, and enhances ionic conductivity for high-performance solid-state batteries.

How Are Work Hardening And Softening Stages Evaluated In 42Crmo4 Steel? Master Stress-Strain Curve Analysis

Learn how high-precision sensors and true stress-strain curves evaluate work hardening and softening in 42CrMo4 steel research.

What Physical Functions Does A High-Porosity Pe Separator Perform? Enhancing Battery Safety & Performance

Learn how high-porosity PE separators provide electronic insulation and facilitate ionic conduction in ether-based electrolyte testing.

What Dual Roles Do Stainless Steel Punches Serve In An In Situ Observation Setup? Powering All-Solid-State Li-S Research

Learn how stainless steel punches function as both current collectors and mechanical transmitters to stabilize all-solid-state Li-S battery tests.

What Role Do Lamination And Sealing Equipment Play In The Assembly Of Pouch-Type Zinc-Air Batteries? Achieve Peak Performance

Learn how precision lamination and sealing equipment optimize contact resistance and structural integrity in pouch-type zinc-air battery assembly.

Why Are Zirconia And Alumina Sleeves Necessary For Encapsulating Glass Samples In Gas-Medium High-Pressure Equipment?

Learn why zirconia and alumina sleeves are essential for sample integrity, providing chemical isolation and thermal insulation in high-pressure labs.

Why Is An Industrial-Grade Hot Roller Required For Dry Electrode Production? Master Ptfe Phase Transition

Learn how industrial-grade hot rollers replace solvents in dry electrode production through precise thermal activation and high-pressure compaction.

What Are The Key Functions Of A Constant Stack Pressure Fixture? Optimize Your All-Solid-State Battery Assembly

Learn how constant stack pressure fixtures manage volume changes, reduce interfacial resistance, and suppress dendrites in solid-state batteries.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of Adding Lubricants Like Zinc Stearate To Powder Compaction? Optimize Your Pressing Process

Learn how lubricants reduce friction, improve pressure transmission, and prevent die wear to ensure uniform density in powder compaction.

What Role Does A Laboratory Coin Cell Sealer Play In The Performance Evaluation Of Silicon Nanowire Electrodes?

Learn how laboratory coin cell sealers provide the hermetic seal and uniform pressure essential for accurate silicon nanowire electrode testing.

How Does An Energy-Dispersive Xrf (Ed-Xrf) Instrument Analyze The Emitted Radiation To Identify Elements? Unlock Precise Elemental Analysis

Learn how ED-XRF instruments use semiconductor detectors and multi-channel analyzers to identify elements by their unique energy signatures for rapid, accurate results.

Why Must Sib Assembly Be Performed In A Glove Box? Secure Sodium Stability With Argon Environments

Learn why high-purity argon glove boxes are essential for Sodium-ion Battery assembly to prevent oxidation and ensure research data integrity.

What Is The Significance Of Industrial Roll-To-Roll Processing For Composite Anodes? Scale Solid-State Battery Production

Learn how roll-to-roll (R2R) processing enables mass production of composite anodes for solid-state batteries with precision and uniformity.

What Are The Advantages Of Using The Sinter-Hip Process? Achieve 100% Theoretical Density In Cemented Carbides

Learn how Sinter-HIP eliminates porosity and boosts Transverse Rupture Strength (TRS) in cemented carbides compared to ordinary vacuum sintering.

How Does A Hemispherical Punch Differ From A Flat Punch In Ti-6Al-4V Powder Pressing? Stress & Modeling Explained

Learn how hemispherical punches introduce shear stress in Ti-6Al-4V powder pressing to improve Drucker-Prager Cap model calibration and accuracy.

Why Is A Laboratory Vacuum Oven Essential For The Electrode Sheet Fabrication Process In Battery Research?

Learn how vacuum ovens ensure battery quality by removing NMP solvents and moisture without damaging sensitive electrode materials.

What Is The Role Of A Planetary Centrifugal Mill In Boride Synthesis? Master High-Efficiency Mechanochemistry

Learn how planetary centrifugal mills use mechanical activation and kinetic energy to synthesize borides and boron carbides at room temperature.

Why Is Graphite Lubricant Applied To The Inner Walls Of The Mold? Essential Protection For Titanium Compaction

Learn why graphite lubricant is vital in titanium powder compaction to prevent cold welding, reduce friction, and ensure uniform density.

Why Is A Polymer Binder Like Pva Used For Nickel Powder Molding? Achieve Stronger Green Bodies And Crack-Free Targets

Learn how PVA enhances structural integrity, prevents micro-cracking, and stabilizes nickel powder compacts for laser target preparation.

What Are The Primary Roles Of High-Strength Graphite Dies In The Combined Csp-Sps Process? Optimize Your Sintering

Discover how graphite dies act as heating elements and pressure vessels in CSP-SPS to achieve rapid densification and thermal uniformity.

What Types Of Xrf Instruments Are Available For Different Applications? Choose The Right Tool For Your Analysis Needs

Explore handheld, benchtop, and online XRF instruments for field, lab, and industrial use. Learn key differences to optimize your elemental analysis.

Why Must The Assembly Of Single-Crystal Linio2 (Lno) Coin Cells Be Performed In A High-Purity Argon-Filled Glovebox?

Learn why high-purity argon gloveboxes are critical for LNO coin cell assembly to prevent chemical degradation and ensure accurate research data.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Low Young's Modulus Cbd? Enhance Mechanical Stability In Solid-State Cathodes

Learn how a low-modulus Carbon Black-Binder Domain (CBD) acts as a mechanical buffer to prevent particle fragmentation in solid-state batteries.

How Does The Choice Between Spherical And Dendritic Copper Powder Shapes Affect Final Density? Master Micro-Molding

Compare spherical vs. dendritic copper powders for micro-scale molding. Learn how particle shape affects green density, sintering, and precision.

What Role Does A Compression-Type Battery Test Cell Play In Ps-B-Poegma Characterization? Enhance Electrolyte Accuracy

Learn how compression-type battery test cells eliminate interfacial resistance and ensure accurate data for PS-b-POEGMA solid-state electrolytes.

Why Is It Mandatory To Perform All Operations Involving Li7P3S11 Solid Electrolytes Inside An Argon Glove Box?

Learn why Li7P3S11 sulfide electrolytes require an argon glove box to prevent toxic H2S gas and irreversible ionic conductivity degradation.

What Is The Purpose Of Incorporating Cnc Into Pvdf Battery Separators? Enhance Strength And Safety Without Performance Loss

Learn how Crystalline Nanocellulose (CNC) prevents electrolyte swelling and structural failure in PVdF battery separators for safer energy storage.

What Are The Functions Of Precision Packaging Equipment And Aluminum Plastic Film In Pbcm-He Flexible Pouch Cells?

Learn how precision equipment and aluminum plastic film protect PBCM-HE electrolytes and ensure electrode contact in flexible pouch cell production.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Cold Isostatic Press? Enhance Solid-State Electrolyte Quality

Discover why Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) is superior to axial pressing for achieving high density and uniform solid-state electrolyte green bodies.

Why Is Polyacrylonitrile (Pan) An Ideal Gel Electrolyte Matrix For High Mechanical Strength? Secure Your Battery Stability

Learn how Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) provides a rigid 3D framework for gel electrolytes, enhancing mechanical strength and preventing short circuits.

Why Must Al-Sic Composite Preforms Be Heated To 480°C? Unlock Peak Density And Strength In Hot Extrusion

Learn why 480°C is the critical temperature for Al-SiC preforms to maximize plasticity, eliminate porosity, and ensure full densification.

What Are The Requirements For Window Materials In Neutron Diffraction? Achieve Peak Performance In Extreme Conditions

Learn the essential requirements for window materials in high-pressure experiments, including pressure resistance and neutron beam transmittance.

Why Must The Synthesis Of Li3Ocl Be Conducted Within A Nitrogen-Purged Glove Box? Ensure Purity & Stability

Learn why a nitrogen-purged glove box is essential for Li3OCl synthesis to prevent hydrolysis and preserve its anti-perovskite structure.

How Do Pda(Cu) Modified Separators Inhibit Lithium Dendrites? Advanced Interfacial Engineering For Battery Longevity

Learn how PDA(Cu) coatings use polar catechol groups to ensure uniform lithium deposition and extend battery cycle life to over 900 hours.

How Does A Cr-Doped Mgo Octahedron Transmit Pressure? Optimize Multi-Anvil Press Experiments

Learn how Chromium-doped MgO octahedrons convert directional force into quasi-hydrostatic pressure through micro-plastic deformation.

What Is The Significance Of Using A High-Capacity Laboratory Compression Testing Machine? Verify Csa Cement Strength.

Discover why high-capacity compression testing is critical for verifying the rapid strength and structural integrity of CSA cement concrete.

Why Must The Handling Of Beta-Namno2 Be Performed In An Argon Glove Box? Ensure Structural Stability In Battery Research

Learn why beta-NaMnO2 requires an argon-filled glove box to prevent moisture-induced decomposition and ensure accurate electrochemical analysis.

Why Must The Assembly And Testing Of Sulfide Solid-State Batteries Be Conducted Within An Argon-Filled Glove Box?

Learn why argon-filled glove boxes are essential for sulfide solid-state battery assembly to prevent toxic H2S gas and ensure high performance.

Why Must The Assembly And Packaging Of Solid-State Sodium Batteries Be Performed Within A High-Performance Argon Glovebox?

Learn why argon gloveboxes are essential for solid-state sodium battery assembly to prevent oxidation and ensure material integrity.

What Is The Primary Function Of High-Energy Ball Milling In Mgb2? Master Nanoscale Refinement For Superconductivity

Learn how high-energy ball milling refines MgB2 to the nanoscale, introduces flux pinning centers, and boosts critical current density.

Why Must Lithium Metal Infiltration And Battery Assembly Be Performed In An Argon Glovebox? Protect Your Battery Research

Discover why industrial-grade argon gloveboxes are vital for battery assembly to prevent lithium degradation and high interfacial resistance.

What Is The Role Of Laboratory Press Machines In V2O3/C Battery Testing? Master Precision Coin Cell Assembly

Learn how laboratory press machines and coin cell assembly equipment ensure the mechanical integrity and electrochemical accuracy of V2O3/C batteries.

Why Must Direct Ink Writing (Diw) Be Conducted In An Argon-Filled Glovebox? Preserve Electrode Material Integrity

Learn why DIW for energy storage requires an argon-filled glovebox to prevent oxidation, hydrolysis, and preserve electrochemical activity.

What Is The Necessity Of A Laboratory Coin Cell Crimper? Essential Sealing For High-Performance Battery Research

Learn why a laboratory coin cell crimper is vital for battery assembly, ensuring hermetic sealing and low ohmic resistance for accurate data.

What Advantages Do Ceramic Separators Offer In Solid-State Batteries? Boost Safety And Density In Energy Storage

Discover how ceramic separators replace liquid electrolytes to eliminate flammability risks and enable high-density lithium metal anodes.

Why Must Thiophosphate Solid-State Electrolyte Operations Be Performed In A Glove Box? Ensure Safety And Performance

Learn why inert atmosphere glove boxes are critical for thiophosphate electrolytes to prevent toxic H2S gas and maintain ionic conductivity.

How Does A Laboratory Coin Cell Crimper Affect The Performance Of All-Solid-State Batteries? Optimize Your Electrolytes

Learn how precision laboratory coin cell crimpers optimize contact, reduce impedance, and inhibit dendrites in solid-state elastomer batteries.

Why Is It Critical To Integrate Twin-Screw Extrusion In A Glove Box? Preserve Solid-State Electrolyte Purity

Learn how argon-filled glove boxes prevent LiTFSI degradation and polymer oxidation during twin-screw extrusion for solid-state battery research.

How Does The Environment Within A High-Pressure Reactor Alter The Solvent Properties Of Water? Transform Water Into A Green Solvent

Discover how high-pressure reactors transform water into a tunable, organic-like solvent for efficient subcritical extraction of non-polar compounds.

Why Is The Choice Of Pressure Transmission Medium Critical In Hptp? Master Isostatic Pressure For Enzyme Inactivation

Learn how the right pressure transmission medium ensures uniform isostatic pressure, prevents package damage, and optimizes enzyme inactivation.

Why Is A High-Purity Argon Glove Box A Critical Piece Of Equipment For Assembling Lithium Titanate (Li4Ti5O12)?

Learn why <0.1 ppm O2 and moisture levels in an argon glove box are essential for protecting Li-metal and electrolytes in Li4Ti5O12 cell assembly.

What Is The Role Of A High-Purity Argon Glove Box In The Assembly Of Psne-Based Zinc Batteries?

Learn how high-purity argon glove boxes protect zinc anodes and PSNE electrolytes from moisture and oxygen to ensure battery data integrity.

How Are Laboratory Hydraulic Presses And Pva Polymer Membranes Utilized In The Assembly Of Flexible Zinc-Air Batteries?

Learn how PVA membranes and hydraulic presses enable flexible zinc-air batteries by ensuring ion transport and low interfacial resistance.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A Ball Mill With Alumina Grinding Media? Optimize Al2O3-Tic Composite Powder Production

Learn how alumina grinding media in ball milling achieves molecular homogeneity and mechanical activation for Al2O3-TiC composite synthesis.

How Does Hot Isostatic Pressing Improve Cnt-Si3N4 Composites? Achieve Maximum Density & Strength

Learn how Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) eliminates micro-pores and strengthens CNT-Si3N4 composites for superior durability.

What Is The Function Of Bn Spray In Zno Ceramic Preparation? Ensure Perfect Green Body Consolidation

Discover how Boron Nitride spray acts as a lubricant and release agent to reduce friction and density gradients in ZnO ceramic green bodies.

Why Must The Assembly Of Lithium-Ion Coin Cells Be Conducted Within An Ultra-High Purity Argon Glovebox?

Learn why <0.1 ppm moisture/oxygen is critical for lithium battery assembly to prevent oxidation, hydrolysis, and ensure accurate data fidelity.

Why Must Axial And Radial Thermal Conductivity Be Measured Separately? Mapping Anisotropy In Pw/Eg Composites

Learn why pressure molding creates thermal anisotropy in PW/EG composites and why measuring both axes is critical for accurate thermal modeling.

What Is The Function Of A High-Precision Oven In Sandstone Fissure Repair? Achieve A Precise Experimental Baseline

Learn how high-precision ovens standardize sandstone specimens at 80°C to ensure accurate fissure repair data and material performance.

How Do Standard 1.5-Ml Microcentrifuge Tubes Function In Sample Packing? Maximize Laboratory Workflow Efficiency

Learn how 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes act as containers, transfer slides, and mechanical adapters to streamline sample packing and rotor interface.

Why Is Pouch Cell Assembly Equipment Preferred Over Coin Cell Equipment? Realizing Practical Energy Density In Li-S

Learn why pouch cell equipment is vital for evaluating the true energy density of solid-state Li-S batteries vs coin cell limitations.

How Does Battery Sealing Equipment Ensure Pouch Cell Safety? Key Insights For Battery Research

Learn how precision sealing equipment prevents electrolyte leakage and environmental ingress to ensure pouch cell safety and performance.

What Is The Role Of Pouch Cell Assembly And Testing For Phms Electrolytes? Bridging Lab Theory And Commercial Reality

Learn how pouch cell assembly validates the mechanical integrity, safety, and operational performance of PHMS electrolytes in real-world applications.

Why Is Cartridge Heater Integration Critical For Cfrp Stamping? Ensure Peak Precision And Quality

Learn how integrated cartridge heaters in tool steel molds optimize CFRP stamping by managing temperature and reducing material defects.

Why Must An Argon-Filled Glove Box Be Used When Loading Superhydride Samples? Ensure Synthesis Success & Purity

Learn why argon-filled glove boxes are essential for superhydride research to prevent lanthanum oxidation and ensure valid superconductivity data.

What Is The Role Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Llzto Precursor Preparation? Achieve Atomic-Level Homogeneity For Batteries

Discover how planetary ball mills enable mechanical activation and atomic-level mixing for high-performance LLZTO solid-state electrolyte synthesis.

What Conditions Does A High-Purity Argon Glove Box Provide For Li-O2 Batteries? Ensure O2 < 0.1 Ppm And H2O < 20 Ppm

Learn why high-purity argon glove boxes are vital for lithium-oxygen battery assembly, maintaining ultra-low oxygen and moisture for data integrity.

What Is The Function Of A High-Energy Ball Mill In The Preparation Of Mgo-Sm Composite Fillers? Achieve Deep Mixing

Learn how high-energy ball mills ensure micron-level integration and uniform distribution of additives for MgO-SM composite filler preparation.

Why Is Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) Integrated Into Rbsn Preparation? Enhance Sintering Density And Uniformity

Learn why CIP is essential for Reaction Bonded Silicon Nitride to eliminate density gradients and ensure uniform nitrogen gas penetration.

What Is The Purpose Of Using An Agate Mortar And Ethanol Binder? Master Ceramic Purity And Mixing Homogeneity

Learn how agate mortars and ethanol binders ensure chemical purity and structural homogeneity in zirconia-titanium doped ceramic preparation.

What Considerations Are Involved In Selecting A Pressure Transmitting Fluid? Optimize Your High-Pressure Processing

Learn how compression coefficients and thermal behavior in Pressure Transmitting Fluids (PTF) impact HPP efficiency and product sensory quality.

What Is The Purpose Of Using -20°C Incubation For Buckwheat Samples? Preserve Sensitive Polyphenols And Prevent Oxidation

Learn why -20°C incubation is critical for buckwheat extraction to inhibit chemical degradation and protect sensitive polyphenolic compounds.

What Are The Advantages Of A Full Active Material Dense Cathode? Boost Energy Density By Removing Inactive Components

Learn how dense cathode architectures maximize energy density by eliminating binders and additives to achieve 100% active material loading.

How Do Yttria And Alumina Function As Sintering Additives In Beta-Sic? Master Liquid-Phase Densification

Learn how yttria and alumina enable liquid-phase sintering in beta-Silicon Carbide, lowering temperatures and enhancing fracture toughness.

What Role Do Laboratory Direct Shear Testers And Sieving Devices Play? Master Sand Analysis For Bridge Experiments

Learn how direct shear testers and sieving devices provide critical data on friction angles and particle distribution for bridge soil experiments.

What Is The Function Of Silicone Oil In Cold Isostatic Pressing Of Cspbbr3? Achieving Precise Phase Transitions

Learn how silicone oil acts as a lossless, hydrostatic medium for CsPbBr3 pressing, ensuring uniform pressure and accurate phase transitions.

Why Must Cspbi3 Thin Films Be Stored In Dry Nitrogen? Prevent Phase Degradation And Ensure Accurate Research Results

Learn why CsPbI3 thin films require dry nitrogen storage to prevent the transition from the active γ-phase to the non-photoactive yellow δ-phase.

Why Is A High-Purity Argon Glovebox Required For Lih And Lipf6? Protect Your Lithium Battery Eei Components

Learn why sub-ppm oxygen and moisture control in argon gloveboxes is essential for preserving the integrity of LiH, LiPF6, and sulfide electrolytes.

Why Is Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) Selected For High-Temp Indentation Plastometry? Ensure Accuracy Above 400°C

Learn why Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) is the ideal indenter material for high-temperature testing due to its thermal stability and chemical inertness.

Why Is A Heated Laboratory Press Required For Perovskite Solar Cells? Optimize Efficiency With Thermal Densification

Learn how heated laboratory presses enhance crystallization and interlayer bonding to maximize perovskite solar cell conversion efficiency.

Why Is A High-Purity Argon-Filled Glovebox Essential For Graphite Anode Coin Cells? Protect Your Battery Data

Learn why <0.1 ppm O2 and H2O in an argon glovebox is critical to prevent electrolyte hydrolysis and lithium oxidation in battery assembly.

Why Must The Assembly Of Sodium-Ion Button Cells Be Conducted In An Argon-Filled Glove Box? Expert Lab Insights

Learn why ultra-low oxygen and moisture levels (<0.01 ppm) are critical for sodium-ion battery assembly to ensure safety and data integrity.

How Does A High-Purity Inert Gas Glove Box Provide Process Assurance? Secure Your Lithium & Electrolyte Integrity

Learn how inert gas glove boxes protect lithium anodes and electrolytes from moisture and oxygen to ensure high-performance battery research.

What Is The Function Of A Fiberglass Separator In Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries? Key Roles In Safety And Ion Transport

Learn how fiberglass separators prevent short circuits and enable ionic transport through superior electrolyte wettability in zinc metal batteries.

What Is The Application Of A Benchtop Universal Material Testing Machine In Evaluating Composite Solid Electrolytes?

Learn how universal material testing machines quantify fracture strength and toughness to ensure solid-state battery electrolyte durability.

What Role Does A High-Purity Argon Glove Box Play In Solid-State Battery Assembly? Ensure < 0.1 Ppm Purity.

Learn how argon glove boxes protect lithium anodes and solid electrolytes from oxidation and moisture to ensure battery performance.

Why Are Flexible Polyethylene Bags Required For Hpp? Essential Packaging For High-Pressure Success

Learn why polyethylene's flexibility and isostatic properties are critical for maintaining seal integrity during high-pressure processing (HPP).

How Does High-Energy Ball Milling Contribute To Electrochemical Reaction Kinetics? Unlock Solid-State Battery Potential

Learn how high-energy ball milling optimizes cathode microstructure, enhances triple-phase interfaces, and accelerates ion migration kinetics.

Why Is Insulation Felt Necessary For Graphite Molds In Sps? Enhance Your Zirconium Carbide Sintering Precision

Learn how industrial insulation felt prevents heat loss, stabilizes temperature fields, and improves efficiency in Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS).

Why Must The Electrochemical Testing Of Fe2O3/Tio2/Rgo Anodes Be Conducted Within An Argon-Filled Glove Box?

Learn why an argon-filled glove box is essential for testing Fe2O3/TiO2/rGO anodes to prevent lithium oxidation and electrolyte hydrolysis.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) For Yag:ce3+ Transparent Ceramics? Boost Density & Clarity

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) improves density, eliminates stress gradients, and enhances transparency in YAG:Ce3+ ceramic green bodies.

Why Is Platinum (Pt) Used As A Capsule Material In High-Pressure Synthesis? Ensure Sample Purity And Integrity

Learn why Platinum is the industry standard for high-pressure synthesis, offering chemical inertness and hermetic sealing for silicate research.

Why Is Polyvinyl Alcohol (Pva) Used In A Laboratory Press For Catalyst Shaping? Achieve Optimal Green Strength

Learn how PVA acts as a binder and lubricant in catalyst pressing to ensure structural integrity and precise particle sizing during grinding.

What Is The Purpose Of Using Polyimide Films During Pressing? Optimize Shape-Memory Polymer Production

Learn why polyimide films are essential release agents in polymer pressing, preventing adhesion and ensuring high-quality surface finishes.

What Is The Mechanism Of Mechanical Kneading In Li-Sn Anodes? Optimize In-Situ Alloying & Battery Life

Learn how repeated mechanical kneading and calendering create an in-situ alloyed 3D framework to stabilize Li-Sn composite anodes.

Why Must The Redox Mediator Relithiation Process For Spent Cathode Materials Be Conducted Inside A Glove Box?

Learn why high-purity argon environments are essential to prevent oxidation and moisture damage during cathode relithiation processes.

Why Is A Specialized Pressure Fixture Necessary For Lithium Metal Pouch Cell Tests? Enhance Battery Stability

Learn how specialized pressure fixtures manage volume changes and suppress lithium dendrites to ensure accurate battery cycling data.

What Is The Primary Role Of The Ball Milling Process For Byz Ceramics? Maximize Stoichiometry And Reaction Efficiency

Learn how ball milling optimizes Yttrium-doped Barium Zirconate (BYZ) synthesis through particle refinement and solid-state diffusion control.

How Does Efficient Mixing Equipment Influence Planetary Regolith Blending? Achieve Peak Structural Integrity

Learn how high-efficiency mixing prevents material segregation and ensures uniform nucleation for superior planetary regolith simulants.

Why Must The Assembly Of Ncm811/Llzto All-Solid-State Batteries Be Performed Within An Argon-Filled Glove Box?

Learn why argon-filled glove boxes are essential for NCM811/LLZTO battery assembly to prevent lithium oxidation and ensure low interfacial resistance.