Why Is A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Used In Cu-Al Alloy Production? Achieve Uniform Density And Defect-Free Preforms

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates voids and ensures uniform density in Cu-Al alloy preforms for superior sintering results.

What Is The Role Of A Steel Loading Frame And A Hydraulic Jack In Soil Testing? Simulate Real-World Foundations

Learn how steel loading frames and hydraulic jacks simulate structural pressure to test gypsiferous soil stability and leaching effects.

How Does A Secondary Sizing Or Coining Press Improve The Surface Properties? Enhance Pm Parts With Alpha Phase Working

Learn how secondary sizing and coining presses exploit alpha-phase ferrite to densify surfaces and improve the fatigue life of sintered parts.

What Role Does Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) Play In Titanium-Graphite Compacts? Ensure Uniform Density & Strength

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients to create high-strength titanium-graphite green compacts for better results.

What Roles Do High-Strength Graphite Molds Play During The Spark Plasma Sintering (Sps) Process? Key Functions Revealed

Learn how high-strength graphite molds act as both heating elements and pressure vessels to achieve densification in SPS composites.

What Are The Functions Of The High-Purity Graphite Mold And Flexible Graphite Foil In The Sps Process?

Learn how graphite molds and foils work together in Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) to manage heat, pressure, and material purity for rapid sintering.

How Does A Hemispherical Punch Differ From A Flat Punch In Ti-6Al-4V Powder Pressing? Stress & Modeling Explained

Learn how hemispherical punches introduce shear stress in Ti-6Al-4V powder pressing to improve Drucker-Prager Cap model calibration and accuracy.

What Types Of Xrf Instruments Are Available For Different Applications? Choose The Right Tool For Your Analysis Needs

Explore handheld, benchtop, and online XRF instruments for field, lab, and industrial use. Learn key differences to optimize your elemental analysis.

What Role Does A Steel Plate Play In Sulfur-Doped Lithium Phosphate Glass Production? Master Rapid Thermal Quenching

Learn how room-temperature steel plates facilitate rapid quenching to create high-quality amorphous sulfur-doped lithium phosphate glass.

How Do Theoretical Lattice Parameters And Thermal Expansion Coefficients Guide The Powder Synthesis Of Srzrs3?

Learn how theoretical lattice parameters and thermal expansion data optimize pressing and sintering to prevent cracking in SrZrS3 synthesis.

Why Is A Cold Isostatic Press Critical For Ssb Research? Achieve Superior Density In Oxide And Sulfide Electrolytes

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients and prevents dendrite growth in solid-state battery electrolytes.

What Is The Role Of A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) In Mgo-Al Composite Pellets? Optimize Your Material Densification

Discover how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) achieves 150 MPa uniform pressure to eliminate voids and enhance reaction efficiency in MgO-Al pellets.

What Roles Do High-Purity Graphite Molds Perform During Spark Plasma Sintering (Sps)? Optimize Your Material Densification

Learn how high-purity graphite molds act as heating elements and pressure tools to enable rapid material densification in SPS and FAST processes.

Why Use Precision Cylindrical Molds For Gic Specimen Testing? Ensure Iso-Standardized Accuracy & Reliable Data

Discover why precision cylindrical molds are essential for GIC testing to eliminate stress concentrations and meet ISO 9917-1:2007 standards.

What Role Do High-Precision Metal Molds Play In Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Specimens? Unlock Reliable Test Data

Learn how high-precision metal molds ensure geometric accuracy, uniform stress distribution, and standardized results for concrete specimen testing.

How Does A Tapered Die Contribute To The Structural Solidification Of Biomass Briquettes? Pressure & Density Explained

Learn how tapered dies drive biomass densification through escalating extrusion pressure, enhancing briquette cold strength and structural integrity.

Why Use A Laboratory Cold Press For Diamond/Aluminum Composites? Achieve High Density & Structural Integrity

Learn how laboratory cold press machines create the essential dense skeletons for Diamond/Aluminum composites through 300 MPa pressure.

Why Is Pressure Uniformity In A Laboratory Press Critical For Llzto? Master Solid-State Electrolyte Quality

Learn why uniform pressure is vital for LLZTO electrolytes to prevent micro-cracks, maximize density, and block lithium dendrites in batteries.

Why Is A Thorough Physical Grinding And Mixing Process Necessary When Loading Metal Precursors Onto Se-C2N?

Learn why thorough grinding is critical for creating dual-atom sites on Se-C2N, ensuring microscopic uniformity and precise metal ion anchoring.

Why Are Sample Grinding And Lab Press Pelletizing Important For Pxrd? Master Your Metal-Organic Xerogel Prep

Learn why grinding and pelletizing are crucial for PXRD analysis of metal-organic xerogels to prevent orientation effects and ensure data accuracy.

What Are The Roles Of High-Purity Graphite Platens And Pyrolytic Graphite Mesh? Enhance Electro-Thermal Vacuum Molding

Learn how graphite platens and pyrolytic mesh combine mechanical pressure and Joule heating to achieve superior material structural uniformity.

Why Are Boric Acid Or Cellulose Used As Binders For Biological Tissue Pellets? Enhance Sample Stability & Signal Purity

Learn how boric acid and cellulose act as binders to prevent pellet cracking, increase mechanical strength, and ensure clean analytical data.

What Role Does A Steel Can Play During Hip For Titanium Alloys? Ensure 100% Density And Peak Fatigue Strength

Learn how steel cans enable full densification and vacuum isolation during Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) for high-performance titanium alloys.

Why Is Xps With Argon Ion Etching Necessary For Ncm523? Unlock Depth Profiling Secrets For Cathode Material Analysis

Learn why argon ion etching is vital for NCM523 cathode analysis, enabling precise depth profiling to distinguish surface coatings from bulk doping.

What Is The Primary Function Of High-Energy Ball Milling In Mgb2? Master Nanoscale Refinement For Superconductivity

Learn how high-energy ball milling refines MgB2 to the nanoscale, introduces flux pinning centers, and boosts critical current density.

Why Is Zirconium Oxide (Zro2) Paste Applied To The Surface Of Graphite Molds During The Hot Pressing Of Inconel 718?

Learn how ZrO2 paste prevents carbon diffusion and embrittlement in Inconel 718 during vacuum hot pressing for superior material integrity.

What Are The Benefits Of Choosing Tungsten Carbide Dies Over Ordinary Steel Dies For Cu-Cuo Compaction?

Discover why tungsten carbide dies outperform steel for Cu-CuO composites, offering 1 GPa load capacity and superior wear resistance.

What Is The Purpose Of Wrapping Bi-2223 Samples In Silver Foil? Optimize Superconductivity With Silver Sealing

Learn how silver foil wrapping and crimping protect Bi-2223 samples, transmit pressure, and enhance superconducting performance during treatment.

What Role Do Specialized Graphite Mold Components Play In P-Sps? Unlock Non-Contact Sintering Of Barium Titanate

Learn how graphite molds act as indirect heating elements in P-SPS to sinter complex Barium Titanate parts without mechanical stress.

What Role Does A Precision Manual Sample Tamper Play? Ensure Material Integrity In Coral Sand Testing

Learn how precision manual sample tampers achieve uniform density and prevent particle crushing in fragile coral sand samples.

Why Are Standardized Cylindrical Molds Required For Preparation Of Poured Earth? Ensure Precise Testing Consistency

Learn why standardized molds are critical for poured earth tests, ensuring accurate stress calculations and reliable material performance data.

How Does The Geometry Of A Tcap Die Facilitate Grain Refinement? Maximize Al/Cu Composite Strength Via Multi-Axial Shear

Learn how TCAP die geometry uses torsion and bending zones to induce severe plastic deformation and nanometer-scale grain refinement in composites.

Why Use High-Precision Triple Metal Molds For Mkpc? Ensure Data Accuracy In Fast-Setting Cement Testing

Learn why high-precision metal molds are essential for MKPC mortar test blocks to prevent deformation and ensure valid compressive strength data.

What Is The Purpose Of Molybdenum (Mo) Sheets Or Steel Caps? Enhancing Reliability In High-Pressure Cooling Experiments

Learn how Mo sheets and steel caps protect graphite heaters and ensure electrical conductivity in high-pressure cooling experiments.

What Role Do High-Precision Compression Molding Tools Play In Ima? Master Metal-Plastic Composite Integrity

Learn how high-precision molding tools ensure isothermal stability and uniform pressure for superior metal-plastic bonding in IMA processes.

Why Are Hardened Steel Punches Typically Used In Compression Experiments? Ensure Precision In Ptfe/Al/Fe2O3 Testing

Learn why hardened steel punches are essential for accurate PTFE/Al/Fe2O3 compression testing by minimizing deformation and ensuring pure data.

Why Is Uniaxial Compaction Of Coated Electrode Sheets Essential? Master Li-Ion Battery Reference Electrode Preparation

Learn why uniaxial compaction is vital for lithium-ion battery electrodes to ensure precise density, conductivity, and accurate research data.

What Role Does Molybdenum Disulfide (Mos2) Lubricant Play In The Ecap Of Copper Billets? Enhance Material Homogeneity

Learn how MoS2 lubricant reduces friction, lowers punching force, and prevents tool wear during Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) of copper.

What Functions Do High-Purity Graphite Dies Serve In Sps Of Titanium Alloys? Optimize Your Material Densification

Learn how high-purity graphite dies act as heating elements, pressure transmitters, and containment vessels in Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS).

How Is Xps Utilized In Ti(C, N)-Based Cermet R&D? Analyze Chemical Bonding & Core-Rim Structures

Learn how XPS analyzes chemical valence states, binding energy shifts, and core-rim formation in Ti(C, N)-based cermets for advanced R&D.

What Unique Advantages Does Hot Isostatic Pressing (Hip) Provide For Nickel-Free Stainless Steel? Achieve 900+ Mpa Strength

Learn how Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) uses heat and isostatic pressure to eliminate pores and achieve 96%+ density in stainless steel powders.

What Is The Primary Function Of Plasticizers Or Lubricants In Iron Powder Cold Pressing? Optimize Your Compaction.

Learn how plasticizers like zinc stearate regulate friction and stress distribution to ensure uniform compaction in cold pressing iron powder.

Why Is A High-Pressure Stainless Steel Autoclave Essential For Ethanol/Methanol Guerbet Upgrade? Unlocking C-C Bonds

Learn why high-pressure autoclaves are vital for Guerbet reactions, enabling liquid-phase heating for ethanol/methanol upgrades.

Why Use Ptfe Sheets In Repetitive Corrugation And Straightening? Optimize Friction And Pressure In Rcs Processing

Learn how PTFE sheets reduce interfacial friction and optimize pressure transfer for uniform grain refinement in the RCS process.

Why Must Rock Samples Be Processed Into Standardized Specimens? Ensuring Accuracy In Ucs Testing

Learn why processing rock samples into standardized 50x100mm cylinders is crucial for accurate UCS testing and uniform stress distribution.

Under What Circumstances Is A Steel Die Used Instead Of A Graphite Die In Fast/Sps? Unlock High-Pressure Sintering

Learn when to switch from graphite to steel dies in FAST/SPS for high-pressure densification and cold sintering below 600°C.

How Does Ecap Differ From Traditional Sintering? Achieve Superior Densification While Preserving Nanostructures

Compare ECAP and traditional sintering mechanisms. Learn how severe plastic deformation preserves grain structure better than atomic diffusion.

What Are The Advantages Of Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip)? Achieve Density Uniformity In Aluminate Precursors

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) prevents cracks and ensures uniform density in 6BaO·xCaO·2Al2O3 precursors during 1500°C calcination.

Why Is Vacuum-Sealed Packaging Required For Cupc Thin Films? Ensure Precise Isostatic Pressing Results

Learn why vacuum sealing is essential for CuPc thin films during isostatic pressing to prevent water contamination and ensure uniform compression.

What Technical Insights Are Provided By Three-Electrode Test Molds For 3D-Slise Batteries? Achieve Precise Diagnostics

Learn how three-electrode test molds decouple electrode performance to diagnose degradation and optimize 3D-SLISE quasi-solid-state batteries.

What Is The Core Value Of High-Pressure Torsion (Hpt) Equipment? Master Graphene-Aluminum Nanocomposite Preparation

Learn how HPT equipment achieves nanometer-scale grain refinement and superior graphene dispersion in aluminum-based composites via shear strain.

Why Is Layered Compaction Preferred For Loess Resistivity Testing? Ensure Data Accuracy With Uniform Density

Learn why layered compaction is essential for loess resistivity testing to eliminate density gradients and ensure uniform current distribution.

How Does The Use Of A Precision Disc Puncher Contribute To The Consistency Of Battery Testing Results? Ensure Accuracy

Learn how precision disc punchers standardize electrode geometry, mass loading, and current density to ensure reliable battery testing results.

What Is The Function Of Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip)? Achieve High Density In Batio3-Ag Composites

Learn how CIP serves as a secondary densification treatment for BaTiO3-Ag, eliminating density gradients and enhancing green body uniformity.

What Is The Function Of An Agate Mortar In Infrared Spectroscopy? Achieve Pure, Micron-Level Resin Sample Preparation

Learn how agate mortars enable contamination-free, micron-level grinding for anion exchange resins to ensure clear IR spectroscopy results.

What Are The Benefits Of Applying Ebs Wax To Mold Walls? Enhance Your Powder Pressing Precision

Learn how EBS wax reduces friction, prevents delamination, and ensures uniform density for high-quality green body manufacturing.

How Does Applying Zinc Stearate Lubricant To Carbide Die Walls Benefit The Cold Pressing Of Titanium Alloy Powders?

Learn how zinc stearate lubricant reduces friction, ensures uniform density, and protects carbide dies during titanium alloy powder pressing.

Why Are Precision Spacers Used During The Preparation Of High-Performance Solid-State Battery Electrolyte Membranes?

Learn how precision spacers in laboratory pressing ensure uniform thickness, current distribution, and cycling reliability for solid-state batteries.

What Protective And Auxiliary Roles Do Ptfe Sample Tubes Play In Extreme Pressure Measurements? Improve Data Integrity

Discover how PTFE sample tubes ensure chemical isolation and uniform pressure transmission for accurate high-pressure physical measurements.

What Are The Benefits Of Using Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) In Manufacturing? Achieve Superior Material Uniformity

Unlock the advantages of Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP), including uniform density, high green strength, and precision for complex material shapes.

What Provides Shape Flexibility In Isostatic Compaction? Unlock Design Freedom With Elastomeric Molds

Learn how flexible elastomeric molds enable complex geometries and intricate designs in isostatic compaction compared to rigid tooling.

Why Is Sialon Ceramic Selected As A Mold Material For Cedc? High-Strength Insulation For Iron Sintering

Discover why Sialon's electrical insulation and mechanical strength make it the ideal mold material for Capacitor-Discharge Consolidation (CEDC).

What Key Role Does An Extrusion Pelletizer Play In The Shaping Process Of Activated Carbon? Precision & Density

Learn how extrusion pelletizers shape activated carbon, increase density, and reduce ash content for superior industrial performance.

Why Are High-Temperature Plastic Films Used In Prepreg Molding? Protect Your Equipment And Enhance Surface Quality

Learn why high-temperature films are essential in compression molding to prevent resin bonding and ensure a smooth, professional composite finish.

What Roles Do High-Purity Graphite Dies And Graphite Foil Liners Play In The Sps Process? Optimize Your Sintering

Learn how graphite dies and foil liners act as heating elements and protective barriers to ensure sample purity and uniformity in SPS sintering.

What Is The Key Function Of Glycerol In Asphalt And Geopolymer Molding? Master Perfect Specimen Demolding

Learn how glycerol acts as a vital high-temperature release agent to prevent mold bonding and protect the integrity of composite specimens.

What Is The Role Of A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) In S12A7 Ceramic Targets? Enhance Density & Target Longevity

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) ensures uniform density and prevents cracking in S12A7 ceramic targets for Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD).

What Is The Function Of A Cold Isostatic Press In Zirconia Preparation? Achieve Uniform Density For Ceramic Success

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients in zirconia green bodies to prevent warping and cracking during sintering.

How Do Lubricants Contribute To The Powder Metallurgy Pressing Process? Essential Guide To Density And Tooling Life

Learn how lubricants like zinc stearate improve compressibility, protect precision dies, and ensure uniform density in powder metallurgy.

Why Is Isostatic Graphite Commonly Selected For Punches And Dies In Fast/Sps? Unlock High-Temperature Efficiency

Learn why isostatic graphite is the ideal material for FAST/SPS tooling, offering superior strength at 2700°C and optimal Joule heating.

How Does The Choice Between Spherical And Dendritic Copper Powder Shapes Affect Final Density? Master Micro-Molding

Compare spherical vs. dendritic copper powders for micro-scale molding. Learn how particle shape affects green density, sintering, and precision.

Why Is Boron Nitride (Bn) Spray Essential For Hot-Pressing Transparent Ceramics? Ensure Optical Purity And Easy Ejection

Discover how Boron Nitride spray acts as a critical chemical barrier and high-temperature lubricant to protect transparent ceramics during pressing.

What Are The Process Advantages Of Using A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Over Conventional Pressing For Tungsten Skeletons?

Discover how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients and prevents cracking to produce superior tungsten skeletons.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Porous Steel Isostatic Tube? Precision Sampling For High-Temp Gasification

Learn how porous steel isostatic tubes prevent tar buildup and ensure accurate high-temperature gas sampling through nitrogen-based dilution.

Why Is High-Precision Double-Sided Polishing Necessary For Mineral Samples In Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis?

Learn why double-sided polishing is vital for IR spectroscopy to ensure parallelism, reduce scattering, and enable Beer-Lambert Law accuracy.

What Function Does Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) Serve? Achieve Uniform Density For Complex Powder Parts

Discover how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients to create high-strength, defect-free green bodies for advanced materials.

How Does The Biaxial Pressing Process Improve The Bottom Hardness Of Magnesium Block Samples? Optimize Your Compaction

Learn how biaxial pressing enhances the microhardness and densification of magnesium blocks by reorienting particles and eliminating core porosity.

Why Is Graphite Lubricant Applied To The Inner Walls Of The Mold? Essential Protection For Titanium Compaction

Learn why graphite lubricant is vital in titanium powder compaction to prevent cold welding, reduce friction, and ensure uniform density.

What Is The Necessity Of Using Mylar Release Films And Alignment Hole Designs In Ltcc? Ensure Precision And Yield

Learn why Mylar films and alignment holes are critical for LTCC stacking, preventing adhesion and ensuring perfect electrical interconnects.

What Types Of Materials Can Be Processed Using Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip)? From Metals To Explosives

Discover the wide range of materials suitable for Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP), including metals, ceramics, composites, and hazardous substances.

What Technical Advantages Do Stainless Steel Cooling Plates Provide When Molding 98[70Peo:30Nacl] + 2Pvp Electrolyte Films?

Explore how stainless steel cooling plates enhance PEO-based electrolyte film molding through thermal management and dimensional precision.

Why Are Multiple Cycles Of Calcination And Pulverization Necessary? Optimize Bi-2223 Powder For Superconductivity

Learn why repeating calcination and pulverization is essential for Bi-2223 superconducting material homogeneity and phase purity.

How Are Work Hardening And Softening Stages Evaluated In 42Crmo4 Steel? Master Stress-Strain Curve Analysis

Learn how high-precision sensors and true stress-strain curves evaluate work hardening and softening in 42CrMo4 steel research.

Why Is 90 °C Heated Grinding Required For Sulfide Se Df Preparation? Master Ptfe Fibrillization For Dry Films

Learn how 90 °C heated grinding enables PTFE fibrillization to create robust, solvent-free sulfide solid electrolyte dry films with high conductivity.

Why Are Spherical Powders Produced By Gas Atomization Ideal For Lab Presses? Achieve Maximum Consolidation Density

Learn how gas-atomized spherical powders optimize flowability, packing density, and pressure transmission for superior lab press results.

What Is The Function Of Low-Carbon Steel Canisters In Powder-Hip For Titanium? Achieve 100% Densification

Learn how low-carbon steel canisters enable vacuum sealing, pressure transmission, and grain preservation in the Powder-HIP of titanium components.

What Is The Role Of A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) In Cu-Fe Alloy Green Bodies? Ensure High Density And Uniformity

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) creates uniform, high-density copper-iron green bodies at 130-150 MPa for superior vacuum sintering results.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Hooked-End Steel Fibers In Sifcon? Unlock Superior Toughness And Mechanical Anchorage

Discover how hooked-end steel fibers enhance SIFCON through mechanical anchoring, superior pull-out resistance, and energy absorption.

Why Is A Cold Isostatic Press Preferred Over Traditional Die Pressing For Zrb2? Achieve High-Density Sintering Success

Learn why Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) is superior to die pressing for Zirconium Boride (ZrB2) targets, ensuring uniform density and no cracking.

What Is The Purpose Of Using Anti-Adhesive Teflon Sheets In Rubber Molding? Ensure Sample Integrity And Data Accuracy

Learn how PTFE sheets prevent mold adhesion, preserve specimen geometry, and ensure accurate mechanical testing results in hydraulic presses.

Why Is It Necessary To Use Water-Cooled Copper Plates For Pressurized Molding? Unlock Peak Aluminum Foam Quality

Learn why water-cooled copper plates are essential for aluminum foam: breaking oxide films for bonding and quenching to preserve pore morphology.

What Functions Do Industrial Graphite Dies And Punches Perform In Sps? Key Roles In Fe–Al–C Material Synthesis

Learn the 3 critical functions of graphite dies and punches in SPS: acting as a mold, heating element, and pressure transmitter for Fe–Al–C.

Why Is Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) Utilized Following Uniaxial Pressing In 3Y-Tzp? Maximize Density And Reliability

Learn how CIP eliminates density gradients in 3Y-TZP ceramic green bodies to prevent warping and achieve >97% theoretical density during sintering.

Why Is A Controlled Dry Room Environment Essential For The Preparation Of Solvent-Free Polymer Electrolytes?

Learn why moisture control and an ultra-low dew point are critical for preserving LiTFSI and metallic lithium in battery electrolyte production.

Why Is Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) Integrated Into Rbsn Preparation? Enhance Sintering Density And Uniformity

Learn why CIP is essential for Reaction Bonded Silicon Nitride to eliminate density gradients and ensure uniform nitrogen gas penetration.

Why Is Vacuum Degassing Critical Before Hip Of Fgh4113A Powder? Ensure Peak Superalloy Integrity

Learn how vacuum degassing prevents TIP and PPB defects in FGH4113A powder to ensure maximum density and strength during Hot Isostatic Pressing.

How Does The High-Energy Mechanical Grinding Process Influence Cobalt-Free Single-Crystal Cathode Preparation?

Learn how high-energy mechanical grinding ensures slurry uniformity and optimizes conduction networks for cobalt-free cathode electrode sheets.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) For Yag:ce3+ Transparent Ceramics? Boost Density & Clarity

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) improves density, eliminates stress gradients, and enhances transparency in YAG:Ce3+ ceramic green bodies.

Why Use Ptfe Film And Specialized Molds For Strain Gauges? Ensure Precise Encapsulation And Data Accuracy

Learn why PTFE film and specialized molds are essential for strain gauge encapsulation to prevent damage and ensure uniform adhesive layers.

How Does The Dual-Solvent Enhanced Pressure Technique Improve N-Doped Tio2/C Anodes? Boost Battery Performance

Learn how the dual-solvent enhanced pressure technique creates oxygen vacancies and reduces particle size to optimize N-doped TiO2/C anodes.