How Does Battery Sealing Equipment Ensure Pouch Cell Safety? Key Insights For Battery Research

Learn how precision sealing equipment prevents electrolyte leakage and environmental ingress to ensure pouch cell safety and performance.

Why Are High-Quality Coin Cell Components And A Precision Sealing Machine Required? Ensure Zn-Ion Battery Stability

Learn why precision sealing and quality components are essential for MnCl₂N₄-CFs zinc-ion batteries to prevent leaks and ensure data integrity.

What Is The Function Of Low-Carbon Steel Canisters In Powder-Hip For Titanium? Achieve 100% Densification

Learn how low-carbon steel canisters enable vacuum sealing, pressure transmission, and grain preservation in the Powder-HIP of titanium components.

What Are The Advantages Of The Sc3+/Zn2+ Dual-Doping Strategy In Nasicon? Unlock Superior Electrolyte Conductivity

Learn how Sc3+/Zn2+ dual-doping optimizes NASICON electrolytes by widening ionic channels and promoting densification for better battery performance.

Why Is A Non-Contact Lioh Bed Powder Necessary In Sintering? Stabilize High-Performance Composite Cathodes

Learn how LiOH bed powder prevents lithium volatility and high-impedance phase formation during high-temperature cathode sintering.

Why Must The Assembly Of Fluoride Ion Coin Cells Be Conducted Within An Argon-Filled Glove Box? Ensure Battery Stability

Learn why fluoride ion coin cells require argon glove boxes to prevent material degradation from moisture and oxygen during the assembly process.

What Is The Primary Function Of Boron Nitride (Bn) Gaskets? Protect Purity And Surface Quality In Hot Pressing

Learn how boron nitride (BN) gaskets act as vital chemical barriers and release agents in high-frequency induction hot pressing equipment.

What Thermal Safety Advantages Do Li-Cu Composite Anodes Have? Enhancing Battery Stability With Advanced Pressing

Discover how Li-Cu composite anodes improve battery safety through heat dissipation and molten lithium containment using 3D copper mesh technology.

What Role Does A Magnetic Stirrer Play In Preparation Of Composite Coatings? Achieve Superior Film Homogeneity

Learn how magnetic stirrers ensure nanoparticle dispersion and polymer dissolution for high-performance gum arabic and chitosan coatings.

What Is The Necessity Of Performing Coin Cell Assembly Within An Argon-Protected Glove Box? Ensure Battery Stability

Learn why an argon-protected glove box is essential for coin cell assembly to prevent lithium oxidation and electrolyte decomposition.

Why Must Li/Cfx Coin Cells Be Assembled In A High-Purity Argon Glove Box? Ensure Accurate Battery Data

Learn why lithium-fluorinated carbon cells require <0.1 ppm H2O and O2 for assembly to prevent lithium oxidation and ensure research data integrity.

Why Is Quenching And Double Tempering Heat Treatment Necessary For Isostatic Pressure Vessels? Ensure Safety & Stability

Learn why quenching and double tempering are vital for isostatic pressure vessels to ensure high hardness, fracture toughness, and safety.

Why Must The Assembly Of Liquid Metal Batteries Be Performed Within An Argon-Filled Glove Box? Ensure Peak Battery Life

Learn why argon-filled glove boxes are essential for liquid metal battery assembly to prevent material oxidation and ensure operational safety.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Induction Heating For Hot Pressing? Achieve Precision With Decoupled Control

Discover the benefits of induction heating for hot pressing, from independent pressure control to optimized liquid phase powder processing.

Why Are Polyethylene Vacuum Bags Essential In Isostatic Pressing? Ensure Precision And Purity In Powder Molding

Learn how polyethylene vacuum bags act as a critical barrier in isostatic pressing, preventing contamination and ensuring uniform part density.

How Does Unconfined Compressive Strength Testing Equipment Assist In Characterizing The Performance Of Chemically Modified Sand?

Discover how UCS testing equipment quantifies bonding strength, stiffness, and structural integrity in chemically modified sands for soil stability.

What Environmental Protections Does A High-Purity Argon Glovebox Provide? Ensure All-Solid-State Battery Integrity

Learn how high-purity argon gloveboxes protect lithium anodes and solid electrolytes from moisture and oxygen to ensure battery performance.

Why Are Graphite Composite And Carbon Felt Used In Flow Batteries? Optimize Your Aqueous Battery Performance

Learn how graphite composites and carbon felt combine to improve conductivity, resist corrosion, and maximize flow battery efficiency.

Why Is A Cip Step Added After Axial Pressing For Al2O3-Tic Tools? Achieve Superior Material Density & Reliability

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients and prevents warping in Al2O3-TiC cutting tool manufacturing.

What Advantages Does An Electric Crimper Provide Over Manual Equipment? Ensure Consistent Coin Cell Sealing Force

Learn how electric crimpers improve coin cell research through precision pressure control, reduced contact resistance, and enhanced data repeatability.

What Role Do Crushing And Homogenization Play In Clay Preparation? Ensure High-Precision Lab Analysis Results

Learn how crushing and homogenization safeguard data accuracy in clay analysis by ensuring representativeness for XRD, XRF, and DTA testing.

How Does An Industrial-Grade Hydraulic Control System Contribute To The Energy Storage Process? Optimize Your Compaction

Learn how precision hydraulic control systems regulate energy storage in high-velocity compaction through closed-loop displacement and PLC automation.

What Is The Function Of A Vibratory Ball Mill? Optimize Sulfide Solid-State Electrolyte Slurry Preparation

Learn how vibratory ball mills use high-frequency energy to homogenize sulfide electrolytes, break agglomerates, and enable precise film coating.

How Does The Ultrasonic Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process Reduce Vessel Pressure? Achieve Efficiency With Cavitation

Learn how ultrasonic cavitation creates local supercritical states, allowing hydrothermal liquefaction to occur in low-pressure vessels.

Why Is The Choice Of Pressure Transmission Medium Critical In Hptp? Master Isostatic Pressure For Enzyme Inactivation

Learn how the right pressure transmission medium ensures uniform isostatic pressure, prevents package damage, and optimizes enzyme inactivation.

What Is The Design Logic Behind The Splitting Tensile Testing Of Lwscc? Master Stress Conversion Mechanics

Learn how the splitting tensile testing apparatus converts compressive force into tensile stress for LWSCC crack resistance analysis.

What Role Does Manual Grinding Play In The Synthesis Of Ba2Na1-Xcaxoso6? Achieve High-Purity Perovskite Synthesis

Learn why manual grinding is essential for Ba2Na1-xCaxOsO6 synthesis, focusing on particle size reduction and chemical homogenization.

How Does The Pressing Process Influence The Machinability Of Powder Metallurgy Green Bodies? Optimize Your Results

Learn how pressing density and mechanical interlocking determine green body strength, surface finish, and machining stability.

What Role Do Laboratory Heating Plates Or High-Temperature Furnaces Play In Studying The Phase Transition Stability Of Cspbbr3?

Learn how heating plates and furnaces are used to verify the metastable nature and phase reversion kinetics of CsPbBr3 at 155°C.

What Is The Function Of Silicone Oil In Cold Isostatic Pressing Of Cspbbr3? Achieving Precise Phase Transitions

Learn how silicone oil acts as a lossless, hydrostatic medium for CsPbBr3 pressing, ensuring uniform pressure and accurate phase transitions.

What Is The Function Of A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace In The Synthesis Of G-C3N4? Master Thermal Polymerization

Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces drive urea thermal polymerization to create high-purity graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanopowders.

Why Is A High-Purity Argon Glovebox Required For Lih And Lipf6? Protect Your Lithium Battery Eei Components

Learn why sub-ppm oxygen and moisture control in argon gloveboxes is essential for preserving the integrity of LiH, LiPF6, and sulfide electrolytes.

Why Is An Integrated Vacuum Degassing System Essential In Dry Isostatic Lamination Equipment? Eliminate Defects Now.

Learn how integrated vacuum degassing prevents bubbles and delamination in dry isostatic pressing by extracting volatile gases in real-time.

Why Is A High-Purity Argon-Filled Glovebox Essential For Graphite Anode Coin Cells? Protect Your Battery Data

Learn why <0.1 ppm O2 and H2O in an argon glovebox is critical to prevent electrolyte hydrolysis and lithium oxidation in battery assembly.

What Is The Function Of A Brass 45-Degree Miter Ring? Prevent O-Ring Extrusion In High-Pressure Systems

Learn how brass 45-degree miter rings prevent O-ring extrusion and ensure seal integrity in high-pressure moving piston designs.

What Roles Do High-Precision Melting Furnaces Play In Zn-Al Alloy Anodes? Optimize Thermal Processing For Better Energy

Learn how high-precision melting and annealing optimize Zn-Al alloy anodes by ensuring atomic homogeneity and inhibiting battery passivation.

How Does A Manual Or Automatic Coin Cell Crimper Affect Lnmo Battery Testing? Ensure Data Integrity And Performance.

Learn how precise crimping pressure prevents electrolyte degradation and minimizes interfacial resistance in high-voltage LNMO battery research.

Why Must Direct Ink Writing (Diw) Be Conducted In An Argon-Filled Glovebox? Preserve Electrode Material Integrity

Learn why DIW for energy storage requires an argon-filled glovebox to prevent oxidation, hydrolysis, and preserve electrochemical activity.

How Does Dynamic Hot Forging Use Pressure Control In Sps? Create Superior Anisotropic Thermoelectric Materials

Learn how Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) pressure control enables dynamic hot forging to create anisotropic structures in thermoelectric materials.

What Is The Purpose Of Applying Zinc Stearate To The Die Walls For Y-Tzp Pressing? Key To Flawless Ceramic Specimens

Learn how zinc stearate acts as a release lubricant in Y-TZP pressing to reduce friction, prevent density gradients, and stop specimen cracking.

Why Must The Assembly Of Ncm811/Llzto All-Solid-State Batteries Be Performed Within An Argon-Filled Glove Box?

Learn why argon-filled glove boxes are essential for NCM811/LLZTO battery assembly to prevent lithium oxidation and ensure low interfacial resistance.

How Does Efficient Mixing Equipment Influence Planetary Regolith Blending? Achieve Peak Structural Integrity

Learn how high-efficiency mixing prevents material segregation and ensures uniform nucleation for superior planetary regolith simulants.

How Does A Constant Temperature Circulation System Ensure Reliability In Arrhenius Curve Testing? Expert Insights

Learn how external fluid jackets achieve thermal equilibrium and eliminate impedance drift for precise ionic conductivity and Ea calculations.

How Do Precision Mold Sets Contribute To The Cold Pressing Of Ti-Al-Nb-Mn-Si-Sn Alloy Powders? Master Density Control

Learn how precision mold sets eliminate density gradients and ensure dimensional accuracy during the cold pressing of titanium alloy powders.

What Role Does A Precision Manual Sample Tamper Play? Ensure Material Integrity In Coral Sand Testing

Learn how precision manual sample tampers achieve uniform density and prevent particle crushing in fragile coral sand samples.

Why Are Specialized Battery Molds Or Pressure Test Fixtures Necessary For Sulfide Solid-State Batteries?

Learn why specialized fixtures and constant stack pressure are critical to preventing delamination in sulfide solid-state battery performance tests.

What Is The Effect Of Holding Time During Compression Molding On Carbon Blocks? Master Microstructural Particle Fusion

Learn how holding time drives particle aggregation, fusion, and structural integrity in carbon block compression molding processes.

What Is The Technical Rationale For Using High Vacuum Cycles And Argon Pressurization? Achieve Process Purity.

Learn why deep vacuum (10^-6 mbar) and argon backfilling are essential for preventing oxidation and controlling chemical potential in lab furnaces.

Why Is An Isostatic Press Utilized For Al2O3/Al16Ti5O34 Ceramic Precursor Rods? Achieve High-Density Uniformity

Learn how isostatic pressing eliminates density gradients and prevents cracking in Al2O3/Al16Ti5O34 ceramic rods during high-temp sintering.

What Is The Function Of Using Flexible Graphite Paper Or Graphite Foil As A Liner? Enhance Vacuum Hot Pressing Results

Learn how flexible graphite foil improves thermal conductivity, protects molds from diffusion, and simplifies demolding in vacuum hot pressing.

Why Must A High-Purity Inert Gas Glove Box Be Used For Failure Analysis Of Cycled Lithium-Rich Manganese-Based Batteries?

Learn why inert gas glove boxes are essential for lithium-rich battery failure analysis to prevent oxidation and ensure valid material integrity data.

Why Is The Rapid Quenching Process Critical For Obtaining Perovskite-Type Rubidium Niobate? Lock In Metastable Phases

Learn how rapid quenching under high pressure traps the dense perovskite structure of rubidium niobate, preventing phase reversion during synthesis.

What Is The Function Of An Atmosphere Carbonization Furnace In Gqd/Siox/C Synthesis? Optimize Battery Anode Performance

Learn how atmosphere carbonization furnaces enable GQD/SiOx/C synthesis through inert environments, binder dehydrogenation, and encapsulation.

What Are The Core Functions Of A Laboratory Melt-Mixer? Master High-Shear Mixing For Hdpe Nanocomposites

Learn how laboratory melt-mixers use high-shear forces and thermal control at 190°C to disperse calcium pimelate into HDPE for superior materials.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Teflon Molds For Ftd-C Gels? Achieve Perfect Gel Precision & Surface Integrity

Discover why Teflon molds are essential for FTD-C gel molding, offering superior release, chemical inertness, and flawless surface smoothness.

Why Balance Density And Porosity In Mof Pellets? Optimize Water Harvesting With Precise Lab Pressing

Learn why balancing density and porosity in MOF pellets is vital for water harvesting and how lab presses prevent pore collapse.

What Is The Function Of Magnetic Stirring At 80°C? Achieve Molecular Uniformity In La-Doped Cathode Synthesis

Learn how magnetic stirring at 80°C facilitates stable sol formation and molecular-level doping for high-quality lithium-rich cathode materials.

What Is The Primary Function Of The Vacuum Sintering System? Ensure Purity In Inconel 718 Hot Pressing

Discover how vacuum sintering systems prevent oxidation and remove trapped gases to achieve 100% density in Inconel 718 superalloys.

What Physical Protection Does A Compression-Type Two-Electrode Unit Provide? Secure Your Supercapacitor Data

Learn how compression-type units protect supercapacitor tests via hermetic seals and constant pressure to prevent evaporation and resistance spikes.

Why Is It Important To Input Accurate Elastic-Plastic Deformation Parameters? Optimize Solid-State Battery Simulations

Discover why accurate mechanical parameters are essential for simulating stress, managing volume fluctuations, and optimizing battery energy density.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Platinum Capsules? Precision & Performance In High-Pressure Synthesis

Discover why platinum capsules are the gold standard for high-pressure mineral synthesis, offering thermal resistance up to 1800°C and chemical purity.

How Does High-Energy Ball Milling Contribute To Electrochemical Reaction Kinetics? Unlock Solid-State Battery Potential

Learn how high-energy ball milling optimizes cathode microstructure, enhances triple-phase interfaces, and accelerates ion migration kinetics.

What Is The Role Of The Piston Cylinder Apparatus In Ti3N4 Densification? Expert High-Pressure Solutions

Learn how the Piston Cylinder Apparatus uses high pressure (2 GPa) and heat to create high-density Ti3N4 ceramics without nitrogen loss.

What Core Role Does A Vickers Hardness Tester Play In Ti(C, N)-Based Cermets? Unlocking High-Performance Material Data

Learn how Vickers hardness testers evaluate high-temperature hardness and fracture toughness to optimize Ti(C, N)-based cermet performance.

How Does The Use Of Thin Perfluorosulfonic Acid Proton Exchange Membranes Improve Iron-Chromium Flow Battery Performance?

Learn how 50-micron perfluorosulfonic acid membranes reduce ohmic resistance and boost voltage efficiency in iron-chromium flow batteries.

What Are The Primary Objectives Of Using A Rolling Process For Coated Ag@Znmp Electrodes? Optimize Lab Battery Research

Learn how the rolling process optimizes Ag@ZnMP electrodes by increasing contact density, reducing resistance, and regulating porosity for cycling.

What Is The Purpose Of Mg Or Ti Doping In Cathode Materials? Enhance Battery Structural Stability And Cycle Life

Learn how Mg and Ti doping stabilizes layered transition metal oxide cathodes, inhibits phase transitions, and improves battery cycling stability.

What Are The Roles Of A High-Frequency Induction Furnace And Hot Pressing In Silver Powder Impregnation For Zirconia?

Learn how high-frequency induction heating and vacuum hot pressing work at 1000°C to create robust silver-zirconia bonds for reliable circuits.

Why Is The Integration Of Pressure Monitoring And Shear Wave Analysis Vital For Ccs Caprock Failure Risk Assessment?

Learn why integrating pressure monitoring and shear wave analysis is essential to calculate pressure margins and prevent CCS leakage via fracturing.

Why Is Pet Film Used As A Release Layer In Heated Lab Presses? Achieve Precise Surface Flatness

Learn why PET film is the essential release layer for hot press molding to ensure surface flatness and prevent contamination in polymer samples.

Why Must The Synthesis Of Li3Ocl Be Conducted Within A Nitrogen-Purged Glove Box? Ensure Purity & Stability

Learn why a nitrogen-purged glove box is essential for Li3OCl synthesis to prevent hydrolysis and preserve its anti-perovskite structure.

Why Is Eis Necessary For Measuring Pda(Cu) Separators? Unlock High-Rate Battery Performance Data

Learn how EIS quantifies ionic conductivity (5.02 x 10^-4 S/cm) in PDA(Cu) separators to validate wettability and 10 C high-rate battery capability.

What Are The Functions Of Using Aluminum Foil As A Liner In Coconut Fiber Board Molding? Boost Efficiency And Quality

Learn how aluminum foil liners prevent adhesion, ensure uniform heat distribution, and enhance surface finish in coconut fiber board production.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Fast/Sps Furnace? Achieve 98.5% Density In Ti2Alc With Rapid Sintering

Learn why FAST/SPS outperforms vacuum sintering for Ti2AlC, offering rapid densification, lower temperatures, and superior microstructural control.

What Role Does A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Play In Pzt Target Formation? Key Steps For Medical Thin Film Precision

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses act as densification agents for PZT targets, ensuring high-density green bodies for medical thin films.

What Is The Purpose Of Applying Isostatic Hot Pressing To Fep Composites? Achieve Precise Tribological Test Results

Learn how isostatic hot pressing at 200°C eliminates defects in FEP composites to ensure stable friction and wear data for tribological testing.

What Is The Primary Function Of High-Energy Ball Milling In Mgb2? Master Nanoscale Refinement For Superconductivity

Learn how high-energy ball milling refines MgB2 to the nanoscale, introduces flux pinning centers, and boosts critical current density.

What Is The Role Of Laboratory Press Machines In V2O3/C Battery Testing? Master Precision Coin Cell Assembly

Learn how laboratory press machines and coin cell assembly equipment ensure the mechanical integrity and electrochemical accuracy of V2O3/C batteries.

What Is The Necessity Of Using High-Precision Loading Systems For Soil Frost Heave? Ensure Lab Accuracy And Safety

Learn why high-precision loading systems are essential for simulating overburden pressure and preventing infrastructure failure in frost heave research.

How Does The Speed Of A Press Plunger Affect Mgal2O4-Tib2 Composites? Master Shs-Extrusion Structural Control

Learn how plunger speed controls the density and geometry of MgAl2O4-TiB2 composites, enabling shifts between solid rods and hollow tubes.

Why Is Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) Utilized Following Uniaxial Pressing In 3Y-Tzp? Maximize Density And Reliability

Learn how CIP eliminates density gradients in 3Y-TZP ceramic green bodies to prevent warping and achieve >97% theoretical density during sintering.

What Is The Role Of A High-Temperature Annealing Furnace In Alloy 718 Post-Processing? Optimize 3D Printing Integrity

Learn how high-temperature annealing furnaces homogenize microstructures and eliminate residual stress in additive manufactured Alloy 718 parts.

Through What Mechanism Does A Customized Ecap Die Achieve Grain Refinement? Master Simple Shear For Ultra-Fine Grains

Learn how ECAP dies use severe simple shear and high von Mises strain to transform AlSi10Mg alloys into ultra-fine-grained structures.

Why Must Waterproof Insulating Materials Be Used To Seal Sifcon Specimens? Ensure Precise Unidirectional Flow Testing

Learn why sealing SIFCON specimen sides is critical for accurate capillary water absorption tests and ensuring data integrity in lab research.

How Does The Sequence Of Cip And Pre-Sintering Affect Bi-2223? Maximize Critical Current Density Today

Learn why Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) before pre-sintering is essential for Bi-2223 superconducting materials to achieve higher current density.

What Is The Function Of A Single-Punch Tablet Press In Konjac Powder Development? Optimize Your Formulation Efficiency

Discover how single-punch tablet presses validate Konjac powder formulations, ensure molding quality, and bridge the gap to industrial production.

Why Must The Assembly Of Lithium-Ion Coin Cells Be Conducted Within An Ultra-High Purity Argon Glovebox?

Learn why <0.1 ppm moisture/oxygen is critical for lithium battery assembly to prevent oxidation, hydrolysis, and ensure accurate data fidelity.

Why Use Encapsulation And Vacuum Degassing For Hea Powders In Hip? Ensure 100% Density And Purity

Learn why stainless steel encapsulation and vacuum degassing are essential for HIP processing of High-Entropy Alloys to prevent porosity and oxidation.

Why Must Hydroxyapatite Green Bodies Undergo Cip At 100 Mpa? Eliminate Defects And Maximize Density

Learn why Cold Isostatic Pressing is essential for Hydroxyapatite ceramics to eliminate density gradients and prevent sintering cracks.

Why Is An Inert Gas Glove Box Necessary When Disassembling Lithium-Ion Batteries? Protect Sample Integrity

Learn why inert gas glove boxes are vital for lithium-ion battery disassembly to prevent oxidation, moisture damage, and data degradation.

What Advantages Do Ceramic Separators Offer In Solid-State Batteries? Boost Safety And Density In Energy Storage

Discover how ceramic separators replace liquid electrolytes to eliminate flammability risks and enable high-density lithium metal anodes.

Why Is Heated Grinding Equipment Essential For Solid-State Batteries? Master Ptfe Fibrillization For Dry Cathodes

Learn how heated grinding equipment activates PTFE binders through stress-induced fibrillization for solvent-free solid-state battery manufacturing.

Why Is A High-Purity Argon Glove Box A Critical Piece Of Equipment For Assembling Lithium Titanate (Li4Ti5O12)?

Learn why <0.1 ppm O2 and moisture levels in an argon glove box are essential for protecting Li-metal and electrolytes in Li4Ti5O12 cell assembly.

How Does A Laboratory Glove Box Maintain Material Activity? Ensure High-Purity Inert Environments For Coin Cells

Learn how argon-filled glove boxes prevent oxidation and moisture damage to maintain the electrochemical integrity of battery materials.

What Is The Primary Role Of High-Intensity Ball Milling In W/2024Al Composites? Achieve Uniform Powder Dispersion

Learn how high-intensity ball milling ensures uniform dispersion and prevents agglomeration in W/2024Al composites for superior material properties.

Why Are Ductile Auxiliary Materials Such As Aluminum Or Titanium Powder Necessary When Molding Brittle Tnm Powders?

Learn how ductile materials like aluminum and titanium act as vital binding agents to prevent cracking in brittle TNM powder molding.

Why Is It Essential To Prepare High-Density Thin Plate Samples? Unlock Precise Size Effect Analysis In Energy Storage

Learn how precise sample thickness and density control coherency stress, enabling accurate phase transition studies in Pd-H and LiFePO4 materials.

Why Must A Specific Sealing Pressure Be Set On A Coin Cell Crimping Machine? Optimize Your Gel Polymer Battery Assembly

Learn why precise sealing pressure is critical for gel polymer batteries to ensure ion transport, low resistance, and hermetic sealing.

How Does The Manufacturing Strategy Of Pmps@Latp-Nf Composite Electrolytes Contribute To High-Temperature Stability?

Learn how the PMPS@LATP-NF skeleton effect eliminates thermal shrinkage and prevents short circuits in high-temperature battery applications.

Why Is Processing In A High-Temperature Sintering Furnace Necessary Before Capsule-Free Hip On Cr-Ni Alloy Steel?

Learn why sintering to 95% density is critical for Cr-Ni alloy steel to create a sealed surface barrier before capsule-free Hot Isostatic Pressing.