Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) serves as the primary analytical tool for quantifying the thermal lifecycle of basalt glass. It evaluates stability by precisely measuring specific thermal events—specifically the glass transition, crystallization onset, and peak crystallization temperatures—to derive a quantitative stability parameter ($S$). This calculated value provides a direct metric for predicting the material's resistance to devitrification (crystallization) during long-term storage or disposal.
Core Takeaway Basalt glass derives its utility from remaining in an amorphous state; however, it is thermodynamically prone to crystallization over time. DSC evaluates this risk by determining the "Stability Parameter ($S$)," a calculated value derived from the temperature gap between the glass transition and the onset of crystallization.
Identifying Characteristic Temperature Points
To evaluate thermal stability, DSC creates a thermal profile of the basalt glass. This process identifies three critical temperature thresholds that define the material's behavior.
Glass Transition Temperature ($T_g$)
This is the specific point where the basalt transitions from a rigid, glassy state to a more viscous, rubbery state.
It marks the lower limit of the thermal processing window. Below this temperature, the material is kinetically frozen in its amorphous structure.
Onset Temperature of Crystallization ($T_c$)
This measurement identifies the temperature at which the glass structure begins to reorganize into a crystalline form.
This point is critical because it signals the beginning of devitrification. Once the material reaches this threshold, it loses its amorphous glass properties and begins to degrade into a crystalline solid.
Peak Crystallization Temperature ($T_p$)
DSC also records the temperature at which the crystallization rate reaches its maximum.
While $T_c$ marks the start of the danger zone, $T_p$ indicates where the structural transformation is most aggressive.
Quantifying Stability
Raw temperature data is necessary but insufficient for a complete evaluation. DSC data is therefore synthesized into a single, actionable metric.
The Thermal Stability Parameter ($S$)
The individual temperature points ($T_g$, $T_c$, and $T_p$) are mathematically combined to calculate the thermal stability parameter, denoted as $S$.
This parameter acts as a summary index. It quantifies the gap between the glass transition and crystallization.
Predicting Long-Term Behavior
The calculated parameter $S$ provides a direct indication of the glass's ability to resist devitrification.
A higher $S$ value suggests a wider window of stability, meaning the basalt glass is less likely to crystallize during long-term storage or disposal environments.
Understanding the Interpretive Trade-offs
While DSC provides precise data, it is important to understand the relationship between the metrics involved.
Stability vs. Crystallization Risk
The evaluation relies heavily on the margin between the Glass Transition ($T_g$) and the Onset of Crystallization ($T_c$).
If the $T_c$ is too close to the $T_g$, the material has a narrow stability window. This implies a higher risk of devitrification, even if the material is stored well below its peak crystallization temperature ($T_p$).
The Nature of the Parameter
The stability parameter ($S$) is a derived indicator, not a direct measurement of time.
It predicts resistance to structural change, but it must be interpreted in the context of the specific environmental temperatures the glass will endure during disposal.
Making the Right Choice for Your Goal
When analyzing basalt glass data, focus on the specific metrics that align with your operational objectives.
- If your primary focus is Long-Term Storage: Prioritize a high Thermal Stability Parameter ($S$), as this indicates maximum resistance to devitrification over time.
- If your primary focus is Material Characterization: focus on the precision of the $T_g$ and $T_c$ measurements to accurately define the safe thermal operating limits of the glass.
DSC transforms raw thermal data into a predictive measure of how well basalt glass will maintain its structural integrity over time.
Summary Table:
| Temperature Metric | Symbol | Definition & Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Glass Transition | $T_g$ | Transition from rigid glass to viscous state; lower limit of processing. |
| Onset of Crystallization | $T_c$ | Temperature where devitrification begins; marks the end of amorphous stability. |
| Peak Crystallization | $T_p$ | Point of maximum structural transformation rate. |
| Stability Parameter | $S$ | A derived metric ($S = T_c - T_g$) quantifying resistance to crystallization. |
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References
- Qin Tong, Mei‐Ying Liao. Structure and quantification of Ce3+/Ce4+ and stability analysis of basaltic glasses for the immobilization of simulated tetravalent amines. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-86571-1
This article is also based on technical information from Kintek Press Knowledge Base .
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