What Is The Process Involved In Warm Isostatic Pressing? Mastering Uniform Density With Wip Technology

Learn the mechanics of Warm Isostatic Pressing (WIP), from heated liquid injection to uniform density distribution for high-performance materials.

What Materials Are Commonly Used For Pellet Press Dies? Choose The Right Steel For Peak Performance

Learn why selecting high chrome stainless steel, alloy steel, or high-alloy steel is critical for pellet press die durability and pellet quality.

What Are The Critical Safety Precautions For Operating A Laboratory Hot Press? Prevent Hazards & Ensure Lab Safety

Learn essential safety protocols for laboratory hot presses, covering thermal protection, crush hazards, and critical maintenance tips.

How Can Hydraulic System Leakage Be Resolved? Expert Tips To Fix Seals And Pipelines

Learn the step-by-step process to resolve hydraulic system leaks by replacing aging pipelines, damaged seals, and restoring fluid integrity.

What Are The Characteristics Of Hydraulic Oil Used In Presses? Maintain Precision And Protect Your Lab Equipment

Learn why hydraulic oil stability matters and why regular changes are vital to prevent moisture buildup and ensure press accuracy and longevity.

What Key Factors Should Be Considered When Choosing A Laboratory Press? Expert Selection Guide For Lab Equipment

Learn how to select the right laboratory press by evaluating force capacity, platen size, automation needs, and safety features for your research.

What Are The Limitations And Important Considerations When Using The Kbr Pellet Method? Optimize Your Ir Spectroscopy

Master KBr pellet prep: Learn how to manage hygroscopy, particle size, and pressure to ensure optically transparent pellets for IR spectroscopy.

What Are The Main Industrial And Laboratory Applications Of Hot Presses? Optimize Your Material Processing Today

Explore the 4 core applications of hot presses: lamination, molding, curing, and compacting for advanced R&D and industrial manufacturing.

What Important Safety And Operational Considerations Apply To Vacuum Hot Press Furnaces? Ensure Safety And Precision

Learn essential safety protocols for oil diffusion pumps and hardware optimization for vacuum hot press furnaces to ensure elite material results.

What Necessary Conditions Does A High-Purity Argon Glovebox Provide For Zn-Ibpe? Essential Labs Tips For Electrolytes

Learn how high-purity argon gloveboxes (<0.1 ppm H2O/O2) prevent monomer degradation and initiator failure in Zn-IBPE electrolyte synthesis.

Why Is A Mixture Of Distilled Water And Ethylene Glycol Used In An Isostatic Press? Ensure Peak Equipment Performance

Learn how the distilled water and ethylene glycol mixture ensures uniform pressure, prevents phase changes, and protects isostatic press machinery.

Why Must The Assembly Of Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries Be Conducted Within An Argon-Filled Glove Box?

Learn why an argon-filled glove box is essential for solid-state battery assembly to prevent lithium oxidation and electrolyte hydrolysis.

Why Is A Laboratory Press Used For Low-Pressure Pre-Pressing Before Cip? Optimize Ceramic Powder Uniformity

Learn why low-pressure pre-pressing (20-50 MPa) is essential before CIP to remove air, build green strength, and ensure isotropic densification.

What Core Function Does A Heated Laboratory Hydraulic Press Perform? Master Bio-Based Composite Curing

Learn how heated hydraulic presses ensure perfect curing of bio-based polyurethane composites through precise heat and pressure control.

How Does Hot-Pressing Equipment Ensure The Performance Of Bulk Nano-High-Entropy Alloys? Preserving Microstructures

Learn how hot-pressing preserves the unique nanostructure of high-entropy alloys through simultaneous heat and pressure below melting points.

What Is The Primary Objective Of An Industrial Hpt Press? Enhance Additive Manufacturing Strength Via Grain Refinement

Learn how High-Pressure Torsion (HPT) transforms additive manufacturing materials into ultra-fine grain structures with 6 GPa of pressure.

Why Is A Heated Laboratory Press Required For The Fabrication Of High-Performance Ceramic Tiles? Key Benefits Revealed

Discover why heated laboratory presses are essential for ceramic tiles: thermal activation, particle encapsulation, and maximizing green density.

Why Is A Laboratory Manual Or Automatic Press Essential During The Preparation Of Lithium-Sulfur Battery Electrode Sheets?

Learn how laboratory presses optimize Li-S battery performance by reducing resistance, enhancing conductivity, and regulating electrode porosity.

Why Is A Cooling Fan Used In Hot Compression Mounting? Ensure Sample Integrity And Lab Efficiency

Learn why cooling fans are essential for metallographic mounting to prevent thermal stress, micro-cracking, and delamination in your specimens.

Why Is A Laboratory Manual Or Automatic Press Essential For Preparing Tinb2O7 Electrode Sheets? Optimize Battery Data

Learn how laboratory presses improve TiNb2O7 electrode performance through densification, improved adhesion, and superior electronic contact.

Why Are High-Spec Inert Atmosphere Glove Boxes Essential For Halide Electrolytes? Ensure Pure Solid-State Synthesis

Discover why <1 ppm moisture and oxygen control in glove boxes is critical to prevent hydrolysis and degradation in halide solid-state electrolytes.

Why Use A Glovebox For Polymer Electrolyte Precursors? Ensure Purity & Performance In Battery Research

Learn why argon-filled gloveboxes are essential for polymer electrolyte preparation to prevent degradation from moisture and oxygen.

Why Is A Vacuum Glove Box With An Argon Environment Required For Copper Powder Consolidation? Ensure Metal Purity.

Learn why argon-filled vacuum glove boxes are essential for copper consolidation to prevent oxidation and ensure strong metallurgical bonds.

Why Are Laboratory Heating Components And Thermocouple Closed-Loop Systems Essential For Ultrasonic Powder Consolidation?

Learn how precision thermal activation and closed-loop control enable metallurgical bonding and void filling in ultrasonic powder consolidation.

What Function Does A Vacuum Or Atmosphere Hot-Pressing Furnace Serve? Optimize Al-B4C/Al Laminated Composites

Learn how vacuum hot-pressing furnaces drive plastic flow and atomic migration for superior densification of Al-B4C/Al laminated composites.

Why Are High-Precision Laboratory Presses Necessary For Solid-State Batteries? Achieve Atomic-Level Contact Today

Learn why precision pressure is critical for solid-state batteries to eliminate voids, reduce resistance, and prevent lithium dendrite growth.

How Does The Pressure Provided By A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Affect The Properties Of Ga-Doped Llzo Green Bodies?

Learn how hydraulic pressure optimizes particle packing, sintering efficiency, and ionic conductivity in Ga-doped LLZO solid-state electrolytes.

How Are Laboratory Testing Machines Used To Evaluate Tomato Waste Bio-Composites? Precision Mechanical Characterization

Learn how precision testing machines quantify tensile strength and Young's modulus in tomato-based bio-composites for sustainable engineering.

Why Is The Temperature Control Accuracy Of Heating Equipment Critical For Aluminum Matrix Composites? Prevent Embrittlement

Learn how precise temperature control prevents brittle intermetallic layers in aluminum composites to ensure maximum ductility and bonding.

What Role Does A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Play In Hap/Col Densification? Achieve Superior Bone-Like Strength

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients and doubles the strength of HAp/Col nanocomposites for medical implants.

Why Are Electric Heating Bands And Precise Temperature Control Systems Required For Hot Compression? | Kintek Solution

Learn why heating bands and PID controls are critical for metallographic mounting to ensure resin curing, edge retention, and sample integrity.

What Are The Advantages Of Vacuum Hot Pressing For High-Entropy Alloys? Master Complex Alloy Densification

Learn how vacuum hot pressing (VHP) prevents oxidation and overcomes sluggish diffusion to create dense, high-purity high-entropy alloys.

Why Is A Heated Laboratory Hydraulic Press Necessary For Pvc Test Specimens? Ensure Precise Tensile & Rheology Data

Learn how a heated hydraulic press eliminates voids and ensures homogeneity in PVC specimens for accurate tensile and rheological testing.

What Is The Advantage Of Using A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip)? Enhancing Bczy5 Ceramic Conductivity Testing Accuracy

Learn how cold isostatic pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients in BCZY5 ceramics to ensure accurate and repeatable conductivity measurements.

What Are The Primary Applications Of A Laboratory Press In Flexible Solid-State Battery R&D? Optimize Your Prototypes

Learn how laboratory presses optimize solid-state battery performance by eliminating interfacial gaps and enhancing ion transport efficiency.

Why Is A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Utilized For Forming Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr–O Alloy Powders? Ensure Superior Metal Integrity

Learn why Cold Isostatic Pressing is essential for Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr–O alloys to eliminate density gradients and minimize porosity for cold working.

Why Must Laboratory Presses Provide 15 Gpa For Vhda Silicon? Achieve Critical Phase Transitions With Kintek

Learn why 15 GPa is the essential threshold for triggering structural collapse in VHDA silicon and how to select the right laboratory press.

Why Is A High-Purity Argon Glovebox Necessary For Sulfide Solid Electrolytes? Essential Protection For All-Solid-State Batteries

Learn why high-purity argon gloveboxes (<0.5 ppm) are vital for preventing hydrolysis and ensuring performance in sulfide solid-state batteries.

Why Is A High-Precision Laboratory Press Required For All-Solid-State Batteries? Ensure Stable Stack Pressure Today

Learn how precision presses maintain ionic flow and minimize resistance in all-solid-state batteries through stable, constant stack pressure.

What Are The Key Differences Between Uniaxial And Isostatic Pressing? Choose The Right Method For Superior Lab Components

Compare uniaxial vs. isostatic pressing for lab materials: understand force direction, density uniformity, and geometric limitations for optimal results.

Why Use A Glove Box For All-Solid-State Batteries? Protect Sulfide Electrolytes And Lithium Anodes For Better Data

Learn why inert atmosphere glove boxes are essential for sulfide electrolytes and lithium batteries to prevent hydrolysis and surface oxidation.

Why Must The Preparation Of Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes Be Conducted In An Argon Glove Box For Battery Assembly?

Learn why ultra-low moisture and oxygen (<0.1 ppm) in an argon glove box are critical for preventing salt hydrolysis and lithium anode oxidation.

What Role Does A Vacuum Hot Press Play In Sicp/6013 Composites? Achieve Superior Material Density And Bonding

Learn how vacuum hot pressing optimizes SiCp/6013 aluminum composites by preventing oxidation and driving near-full densification.

Why Must The Assembly Of Light-Modulated Lithium-Ion Batteries Be Performed Inside A High-Performance Vacuum Glove Box?

Learn why <0.1 ppm water and oxygen levels are critical for lithium battery assembly to prevent anode oxidation and electrolyte hydrolysis.

Why Is A High-Precision Laboratory Press Essential For Forming Solid Electrolytes? Optimize Battery Conductivity

Learn how high-precision presses eliminate porosity, reduce grain boundary resistance, and enhance ionic conductivity in solid-state batteries.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Industrial Hot Pressing Equipment To Prepare Binderless Nbc Ceramics?

Learn how industrial hot pressing enables high-purity, binderless NbC ceramics with superior hardness and wear resistance through axial pressure.

Why Is A High Tonnage Load Capacity Required For A Laboratory Press Machine During Ucs Testing Of Railway Ballast?

Learn why UCS testing of hard railway ballast requires high-tonnage laboratory presses to achieve structural failure and precise safety data.

Why Is It Necessary To Release The Applied Pressure At The Beginning Of The Cooling Stage When Sintering Llzo Ceramics Via Hot Pressing? Prevent Cracking And Ensure Structural Integrity

Learn why releasing pressure during cooling is critical for LLZO ceramics. Avoid thermal stress and cracking caused by CTE mismatch with the graphite die in hot pressing.

What Is The Key Role Of A Laboratory Heat Press In The Solvent-Free Hot-Pressing Process For Peo-Based Composite Solid Electrolytes?

Learn how a lab heat press creates dense, high-performance solid electrolytes for batteries via solvent-free hot pressing, enabling superior ionic conductivity.

What Are The Advantages Of Heated Lab Presses? Achieve Superior Material Transformation With Precision

Discover the benefits of heated lab presses, including precise temperature and pressure control for uniform material quality, efficiency, and advanced processes.

What Is The Function Of A Hot Press Machine In The Dry Electrode Manufacturing Process? Densify Powder Into High-Performance Electrodes

Discover how a hot press machine consolidates dry electrode powder, eliminating voids and bonding materials to the current collector for superior battery performance.

Why Is The Hot-Pressing Process Crucial For Preparing High-Performance Peo-Based Solid-State Electrolytes? Achieve Superior Ionic Conductivity & Density

Discover how the hot-pressing process creates dense, solvent-free PEO electrolytes by eliminating voids and optimizing ion transport pathways for superior battery performance.

Why Is Precise, Graded Pressure Control Critical When Constructing The Multi-Layer Structure Of Sulfide-Based All-Solid-State Batteries Using A Lab Press?

Learn how graded pressure control in lab presses optimizes density, prevents damage, and reduces impedance in solid-state battery layers.

What Is The Core Function Of The Hot Pressing Process In The Densification Of Li6Srla2Bi2O12 (Lslbo) Ceramic Electrolytes? Achieve >94% Density For Superior Ionic Conductivity

Discover how hot pressing enables rapid, high-density densification of LSLBO ceramic electrolytes at lower temperatures, crucial for battery performance.

What Is The Function Of A Heated Laboratory Press In Solid Polymer Electrolyte Research? Fabricate High-Performance Solid-State Batteries

Discover how a heated lab press creates dense, void-free polymer electrolyte films and bonds electrodes, overcoming key challenges in solid-state battery research.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A Vacuum Hot Press For Preparing Samples For Mechanical Property Characterization? Ensure Accurate Material Data

Learn how vacuum hot pressing creates dense, pore-free samples for reliable mechanical testing, eliminating porosity-related errors in Young's modulus and hardness measurements.

What Are The Primary Uses Of A Hydraulic Wheel Press? Precision Assembly & Maintenance For Heavy Machinery

Discover the key uses of hydraulic wheel presses for mounting/unmounting wheels, bearings, and gears with precision force in industrial maintenance.

What Features Ensure The Precision Of Laboratory Presses? Achieve Consistent, Reliable Sample Prep

Discover key features like thermal uniformity, mechanical solidity, and force control that ensure precision in lab presses for reliable scientific results.

Why Is An Industrial-Grade Lab Press Used For The Cold Uniaxial Pressing Of Raw Materials In The Shs-Extrusion Process?

Learn why industrial lab presses are critical for SHS-extrusion, ensuring precise density control, reaction stability, and optimal flow behavior.

Why Is Axial Pre-Stress Applied To Samples? Replicating Natural Stress For Anisotropic Structured Soil

Learn why applying axial pre-stress is critical for simulating natural soil conditions and achieving transverse isotropic characteristics.

What Core Function Does A Laboratory High-Pressure Press Serve In Battery Composite Electrodes? Optimize Densification

Learn how high-pressure presses enable solid-state battery performance by eliminating voids and creating vital ion transport channels.

What Is The Role Of Isostatic Pressing Equipment In Forming Inorganic Ceramic Solid-State Electrolytes? Achieve 95% Density

Discover how isostatic pressing eliminates density gradients and micropores to create high-performance solid-state electrolyte green bodies.

What Role Does A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Play With Rubber Molds For 3Y-Tzp? Achieve Perfect Ceramic Density

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients in 3Y-TZP ceramic green bodies for crack-free, high-density sintering results.

What Role Does A High-Precision Laboratory Press Play In Validating Anisotropic Poroelasticity Theory? - Kintek

Learn how high-precision presses validate anisotropic poroelasticity by ensuring precise stress application and measuring compliance tensors.

Why Use Laboratory Extrusion Or Crushing Equipment For Srd Catalyst Optimization? Master Pore Diffusion Studies

Learn how crushing and extrusion equipment helps identify pore diffusion limitations and balance pressure drop in SRD catalyst design.

Why Is A 294 Mpa Hydraulic Press Needed For Li-S Battery Cathodes? Solve Solid-Solid Interface Problems

Learn how 294 MPa of pressure overcomes solid-solid interface resistance in Li-S batteries through plastic deformation and densification.

What Environmental Controls Does A High-Purity Argon Glove Box Provide? Protect Your Lithium Metal Battery Research

Learn how high-purity argon glove boxes maintain moisture and oxygen below 0.1 ppm to ensure the stability of lithium salts and metal anodes.

Why Is High-Precision Pressure Control Necessary For Lithium-Oxygen Coin Cells With Magnets? Ensure Battery Stability

Learn how precise pressure control counteracts magnetic interference, eliminates contact resistance, and ensures hermetic sealing in coin cells.

How Does High-Temperature Hot Isostatic Pressing (Hip) Achieve The Final Densification Of W-Tic Composites?

Learn how HIP equipment uses 1750°C and 186 MPa to eliminate micropores and achieve near-theoretical density in W-TiC composites.

Why Is A High-Purity Inert Atmosphere Glove Box Critical For The Assembly Of Solid-State Symmetric Batteries?

Learn why <1 ppm oxygen and moisture control is vital for solid-state battery assembly to prevent lithium oxidation and electrolyte hydrolysis.

Why Are Atmosphere Control Systems Or Vacuum Glove Boxes Essential For The Preparation Of Nanocrystalline Powders?

Learn why nanocrystalline powders require atmosphere control systems and vacuum glove boxes to prevent oxidation and spontaneous combustion.

Why Is Isostatic Pressing Equipment Preferred Over Uniaxial Lab Presses? Achieve Uniformity In High-Aspect-Ratio Beds

Learn why isostatic pressing is essential for high-aspect-ratio adsorption beds to eliminate density gradients and prevent airflow short-circuiting.

What Are The Mechanical Advantages Of Laboratory Press Molding? Unlock High-Strength Lialo2 Ceramic Production.

Compare CP/CIP vs. hot pressure casting for LiAlO2 ceramics. Learn how laboratory pressing yields superior density and finer grain sizes.

What Role Does A Laboratory Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Play In Hydroxyapatite Green Body Preparation?

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) achieves uniform densification and eliminates density gradients in hydroxyapatite (HAp) green bodies.

How Does The Heating Of Extrusion Dies Affect Nickel-Aluminum Reinforced Composites? Optimize Density And Hardness

Learn how heating extrusion dies to 650°C improves flowability, eliminates defects, and aligns reinforcement phases in aluminum-based composites.

What Is The Function Of A High-Precision Lab Press In Assembly Of Batteries Using Mof-Based Separators?

Learn how high-precision lab presses standardize battery assembly, reduce interfacial resistance, and validate MOF-based separator performance.

What Is The Necessity Of Using A High-Purity Argon Glove Box For Hard Carbon Anodes? Ensure Reliable Battery Testing

Learn why a high-purity argon glove box (<0.3 ppm O2/H2O) is vital for assembling hard carbon anodes and preventing sodium and electrolyte decay.

What Are The Advantages Of Using An Industrial Hot Press For Ti74Nb26? Achieve 99%+ Density With Precision

Learn why hot pressing outperforms cold pressing for Ti74Nb26 alloy by achieving near-theoretical density at lower temperatures with no porosity.

Why Must The Assembly Of Lithium Or Sodium Batteries Be Performed Within A High-Performance Laboratory Glove Box?

Discover why high-purity glove boxes are essential for lithium/sodium battery assembly to prevent oxidation and ensure data integrity.

What Is The Purpose Of Using An Argon-Protected Glove Box For Battery Disassembly? Ensure Pure Failure Analysis Data

Learn why argon-protected glove boxes are essential for battery failure research by preventing oxidation and preserving chemical integrity.

How Does A High-Stiffness Main Frame In A Lab Press Benefit Fracture Shearing? Achieve High-Purity Rock Mechanics Data

Learn how high-stiffness frames eliminate machine interference and 'spring effect' errors to ensure accurate rock fracture network simulations.

What Is The Purpose Of Vacuum Hot Pressing In Self-Healing Electronics? Achieve Seamless Conductive Network Integration

Learn how vacuum hot pressing equipment integrates conductive fillers into self-healing polymers to ensure defect-free, reliable recovery.

What Is The Specific Function Of A Laboratory Press Machine For Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes? Optimize Your R&D Results

Learn how laboratory presses enhance energy density, conductivity, and SEI stability in lithium-ion battery electrode preparation and research.

What Are The Core Functions Of A Laboratory Hot Isostatic Press (Hip) In Mgb2 Superconducting Wire Performance?

Learn how Hot Isostatic Press (HIP) technology optimizes MgB2 superconductors through densification, phase purity, and enhanced current density.

What Role Does A Hot Isostatic Press (Hip) Play In Synthetic Rock? Achieve 100% Density In Rock Consolidation

Learn how Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) simulates geological metamorphism to create dense, high-fidelity synthetic rock samples without melting.

Why Is A High-Precision Heating System Critical For Casein Modification? Master Thermal Thresholds For Success

Learn why precise temperature control is vital for casein modification, from disulfide bonding at 70°C to phosphoserine hydrolysis at 110°C.

How Do Warm Isostatic Presses (Wip) Extend Cip Functionality? Advanced Heating For Superior Material Compaction

Learn how Warm Isostatic Presses (WIP) enhance CIP by adding heat up to 500°C, enabling chemical reactions and superior material consolidation.

What Are The Advantages Of Hot Pressing For Solid Electrolyte Membranes? Enhance Your All-Solid-State Battery Performance

Learn why hot pressing surpasses liquid coating for solid electrolyte membranes by improving interfacial contact and mechanical durability.

What Protective Function Does An Inert Atmosphere Glove Box Provide? Ensure High-Purity Lithium Battery Assembly

Learn how inert atmosphere glove boxes protect lithium-ion half-cells by maintaining moisture and oxygen levels below 0.1 ppm for accurate data.

What Is The Function Of A High-Pressure Heated Lab Press For Wooden Electronics? Enhance Stability And Durability

Learn how high-pressure heated lab presses cure powder coatings to protect wooden electronics from moisture, swelling, and circuit failure.

Why Is A High-Purity Argon Environment Glovebox Required For Sulfide Electrolytes? Ensure Safety And Conductivity

Learn why argon gloveboxes are essential for sulfide electrolytes: preventing toxic gas, ensuring high ionic conductivity, and safety.

Why Is Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) Critical For Cermet Green Bodies? Achieve Structural Integrity

Learn why Cold Pressing and CIP are essential for cermet densification, green strength, and preventing defects during liquid phase sintering.

How Does The Automated Load Control System Of A Laboratory Press Ensure The Validity Of Limestone Bending Strength Testing?

Discover how automated load control ensures EN 12372 compliance and data validity in limestone testing through precision feedback regulation.

Why Must A Lab Hot Press Be Vacuumed And Backfilled With Argon? Ensure Peak Performance For Thermoelectric Powders

Learn why vacuum and argon backfilling are essential to prevent oxidation, preserve carrier mobility, and ensure high zT in thermoelectric materials.

What Is The Function Of A Benchtop Electric Powder Press In Srtio3 Material Forming? Expert Compaction Insights

Learn how benchtop electric presses transform SrTiO3 nanopowders into stable green bodies for high-performance material fabrication.

What Are The Equipment Requirements For Heat Presses In Wood Densification? Achieve Thermal Precision (140°C–180°C)

Discover essential heat press requirements for wood densification: high temperature uniformity and stability between 140°C and 180°C.

What Are The Primary Application Advantages Of A Single-Station Press? Expert Guide To Powder Metallurgy Success

Discover why single-station presses excel in powder metallurgy through high compression forces, complex mold integration, and large-scale shaping.

Why Must The Assembly Of Sodium-Ion Coin Cells Be Conducted Within A Laboratory Inert Atmosphere Glove Box?

Learn why <1ppm moisture and oxygen levels are critical for sodium-ion battery assembly to prevent degradation and ensure accurate research data.

Why Is An Isostatic Press Used For Solid-State Electrolyte Interfaces? Unlock Atomic-Level Battery Contact

Learn how isostatic pressing eliminates voids and reduces impedance in solid-state batteries to achieve superior interface adhesion.

How Does A Laboratory Inert Gas Glove Box Protect Polished Llzto Ceramic Pellets? Preserve Battery Material Integrity

Learn how inert gas glove boxes protect LLZTO ceramic pellets by maintaining moisture and oxygen below 0.1 ppm to prevent lithium carbonate formation.