The geometric design of forming dies is the primary control mechanism for ensuring material integrity during the hydrostatic extrusion of composite superconducting billets. Specifically, utilizing a low cone angle, such as 45 degrees, facilitates a smoother flow of material through the die. This precision reduces internal shear stresses and redundant deformation, allowing the outer sheath and the internal superconducting core to deform in unison even under extreme pressures of 1800 MPa.
Proper die geometry serves as a stabilizer, enforcing coordinated deformation between dissimilar materials to prevent sheath rupture and ensure uniform core density.
The Mechanics of Coordinated Deformation
Handling Material Disparity
In composite billets, the outer sheath and the inner superconducting core often have different mechanical properties. Left uncontrolled, these layers would deform at different rates.
Enforcing Uniformity
The die geometry acts as a physical constraint that forces these distinct materials to move together. This "coordinated deformation" is essential for the final product to function as a single, cohesive superconducting unit.
The Critical Role of Cone Angle
Reducing Internal Shear
The primary reference highlights the effectiveness of a low cone angle, specifically 45 degrees. A lower angle creates a more gradual transition for the material as it reduces in diameter.
Minimizing Additional Deformation
Steeper or improper angles force the material to undergo unnecessary internal distortion. By optimizing the angle, you minimize this "additional deformation," directing the energy solely toward the necessary reduction in cross-section.
The Risks of Improper Design
Preventing Sheath Rupture
Under pressures reaching 1800 MPa, any irregularity in flow creates massive stress risers. If the die geometry causes excessive friction or turbulence, the outer sheath is likely to tear or rupture.
Avoiding Non-Uniform Core Flow
If the die does not enforce smooth flow, the internal core may deform unevenly. This results in "sausaging" or inconsistent cross-sections, which severely degrades the electrical performance of the superconductor.
Optimizing Your Extrusion Process
To ensure the successful fabrication of composite superconducting billets, consider the following parameters based on your specific objectives:
- If your primary focus is mechanical integrity: Utilize a low cone angle (e.g., 45 degrees) to minimize shear stress and prevent the outer sheath from rupturing.
- If your primary focus is core homogeneity: Prioritize die geometries that reduce additional deformation to guarantee the internal core remains uniform throughout the billet length.
Precision in die design is the difference between a high-performance superconductor and a failed billet.
Summary Table:
| Design Parameter | Recommended Value / Feature | Impact on Superconducting Billets |
|---|---|---|
| Cone Angle | Low angle (e.g., 45°) | Reduces internal shear stress & redundant deformation |
| Pressure Handling | Up to 1800 MPa | Maintains integrity under extreme extrusion forces |
| Flow Control | Coordinated Deformation | Prevents sheath rupture and core "sausaging" |
| Primary Goal | Geometric Precision | Ensures uniform density and electrical performance |
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References
- Krzysztof Filar, G. Gajda. Preparation Process of In Situ MgB2 Material with Ex Situ MgB2 Barrier to Obtain Long Sections of Superconducting Multicore Wires. DOI: 10.3390/ma18010126
This article is also based on technical information from Kintek Press Knowledge Base .
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