What Is The Function Of A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) In Zirconia Preparation? Achieve Defect-Free Ceramic Uniformity

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients and prevents defects in zirconia specimens for high-performance sintering.

What Are The Primary Advantages Of A Split Manual Press? Precision & Efficiency For Compact Labs

Unlock laboratory potential with a Split manual press. Learn how its compact footprint, cost-efficiency, and precision enhance R&D sample prep.

Why Is A Fusion System Preferred Over Direct Pelletization For Major Oxides? Achieve Unmatched Analytical Precision

Learn why fusion systems outperform direct pelletization for sediment analysis by eliminating mineralogical effects and ensuring homogeneity.

In Which Scenarios Are Wet-Bag And Dry-Bag Tooling Systems Most Appropriate? Optimize Your Cold Isostatic Pressing

Compare wet-bag and dry-bag tooling for Cold Isostatic Pressing. Learn which system fits your production volume, complexity, and automation goals.

What Is The Fundamental Operating Principle Of An Electric Lab Cold Isostatic Press (Cip)? Achieve Superior Uniformity In Powder Compaction

Learn how Electric Lab CIPs use Pascal's Law and hydrostatic pressure for uniform powder compaction, ideal for ceramics and metals R&D.

What Is The Overall Application Prospect Of Cold Isostatic Pressing In Ceramic Manufacturing? Unlock High-Performance Ceramics With Uniform Density

Explore how cold isostatic pressing (CIP) enhances ceramic manufacturing with uniform density, complex shapes, and superior strength for demanding applications.

What Is The Primary Technical Objective Of Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) For Knn Ceramics? Achieving Maximum Density

Learn how CIP eliminates pressure gradients and micro-pores in KNN ceramic green bodies to ensure uniform density and prevent sintering defects.

How Does The Strike Speed Of A Die Forging Hydraulic Press Affect The Quality Of Spiral Bevel Gear Warm Forging?

Discover how optimizing strike speed in hydraulic presses improves metal flow, reduces stress, and enhances mold life in spiral bevel gear forging.

What Role Does A Coin Cell Crimper Play In Solid-State Batteries? Essential Pressure For Ionic Conductivity

Learn how high-precision pressure molding devices eliminate voids, reduce interfacial resistance, and enable ion transport in solid-state batteries.

How Do Vacuum Ovens And Glovebox Heating Impact Solid-State Battery Electrolytes? Optimize Your Ion Conductivity

Learn how precision thermal processing and vacuum dehydration eliminate impurities to boost ionic conductivity in solid-state battery electrolytes.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Ftir With The Kbr Pellet Technique? Unlock Precise Molecular Fingerprinting

Learn how the KBr pelletizing technique enhances FTIR spectroscopy by ensuring optical transparency and high-resolution material identification.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory Heated Press In Preparing Pa12,36? Master Sample Densification For Foaming

Learn how laboratory heated presses transform PA12,36 powder into defect-free sheets for foaming through precise temperature and pressure control.

Why Is It Necessary To Dry Li2Mnsio4 Electrode Sheets In A Vacuum Oven? Ensure Battery Stability And Safety

Learn why vacuum drying Li2MnSiO4 electrodes is critical to prevent HF corrosion, remove solvents, and ensure long-term battery performance.

How Do High-Strength Steel Molds Affect The Quality Of Electrical Porcelain Insulators? Achieve Precision Every Time

Learn how high-strength steel molds prevent density gradients and warping to ensure superior electrical porcelain insulator quality and longevity.

Why Is The Selection Of Grinding Equipment And Particle Size Control Important For Cement Xrd/Tga? Ensure Data Accuracy

Learn why <80μm particle size and precise grinding are critical for accurate cement mineral phase distribution in XRD and TGA analysis.

What Are The Primary Functions Of A Single Punch Tablet Press? Optimize Your Lab-Scale R&D Formulation Strategy

Learn how single punch tablet presses enable efficient formula screening, minimize material waste, and establish key parameters for production.

What Is The Function Of A High-Range Compression Testing Machine? Prove The Structural Integrity Of Your Limestone

Learn how high-range compression testing machines measure uniaxial load-bearing capacity to validate limestone for safety-critical construction.

How Do High-Pressure Laboratory Presses And Furnaces Work Together In The Synthesis Of Heteroatom-Doped Graphite?

Learn how high-pressure presses and furnaces synchronize to create uniform, high-performance heteroatom-doped graphite for advanced research.

What Are The Advantages Of Laboratory Hip For Steel Reference Materials? Achieving Zero-Defect Standards

Learn how Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) eliminates porosity and ensures theoretical density to create perfect steel reference benchmarks for research.

Why Is A Laboratory Hydraulic Cold Press Used For Brake Pad Preforming? Ensure Uniform Density & Structural Integrity

Learn why hydraulic cold presses are essential for automotive brake pad preforming, from expelling air to ensuring consistent material density.

Why Is Hot Isostatic Pressing (Hip) Less Suitable For High-Volume Production? Slow Batch Process Limits Throughput

Learn why HIP's slow, batch-based cycles make it unsuitable for high-volume production, impacting cost and efficiency in manufacturing.

Why Is The Application Of A Precise Compression Load Necessary During Soec Stability Testing? Ensure Reliable Data

Learn why precise compression is vital for SOEC testing, from optimizing electrical contact to ensuring hermetic sealing with glass sealants.

Why Is A Specific Cup-Shaped Silicon Groove Structure Required When Performing Cold Isostatic Pressing On Pzt Thick Films?

Learn how cup-shaped grooves prevent film peeling and delamination during Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) by providing mechanical confinement.

What Unique Advantages Does A Hot Isostatic Press (Hip) Offer For Ba122 Superconducting Tapes? Maximize Your Performance

Learn how Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) uses isotropic pressure to achieve 100% density and preserve grain texture in Ba122 superconducting tapes.

What Is The Function Of A Lab Press In The Assembly Of 2032-Type Coin Cells For Solid-State Battery Testing? Ensure Data Validity And Performance

Discover how a lab press ensures uniform compaction and hermetic sealing for reliable solid-state battery testing, minimizing interfacial resistance.

Why Are Peek Sleeves And Titanium Plungers Recommended For All-Solid-State Battery Pressing? Ensure Electrochemical Purity

Discover why PEEK sleeves and Titanium plungers are essential for sulfide-based solid-state battery R&D, ensuring chemical inertness and preventing side reactions.

What Maintenance Tips Can Help Extend The Life Of A Pellet Press? Maximize Your Equipment's Lifespan

Learn essential pellet press maintenance tips like lubrication, die inspection, and proper storage to prevent breakdowns and ensure consistent performance.

Why Is The High-Purity Kbr Pelleting Process Required For Ftir Testing Of Cosalen-Tempo Complexes? Achieve High Clarity

Learn why KBr pelleting is vital for CoSalen-TEMPO FTIR analysis, ensuring optical transparency and protecting samples from moisture interference.

Why Is A Laboratory Slab Compactor Necessary For Sfp Evaluation? Ensure Reliable Pavement Performance Simulation

Learn why Slab Compactors are essential for Semi-Flexible Pavement (SFP) testing by simulating real-world compaction and preserving asphalt skeleton.

Why Is A Laboratory-Grade Grinding And Milling Machine Required After The Insect Drying Process? Ensure Standardization

Discover why laboratory-grade milling is vital for insect processing: maximizing surface area for disinfection, analysis, and feed homogeneity.

What Advantages Does High-Energy Planetary Ball Milling Offer Over Manual Grinding? Optimize Sns Synthesis Now

Discover how high-energy planetary ball milling achieves superior phase purity, grain refinement, and reactivity in SnS synthesis.

What Is A Vacuum Hot Press Furnace? Master Advanced Material Densification And Purity

Learn how vacuum hot press furnaces combine heat, pressure, and vacuum to create high-density, high-purity materials with zero oxidation.

What Are The Key Advantages Offered By Vacuum Hot Press Furnaces? Unlock Superior Density And Purity

Learn how vacuum hot press furnaces enhance material density, prevent oxidation, and boost production efficiency for ceramics and metals.

How Is Heat Generated In Direct Hot Pressing? Unlock Rapid Sintering For Fine Metal Powders

Learn how direct hot pressing uses electrical resistivity for internal heating, reducing cycle times to minutes and lowering energy costs.

What Is The Function Of A Binder In The Xrf Pelletising Process? Secure Your Sample Integrity And Protect Equipment

Learn how binders prevent sample crumbling, protect XRF spectrometers from dust contamination, and ensure consistent analytical results.

What Technical Advantages Does A Laboratory-Scale Cold Press Machine Offer? Achieve Pure Pumpkin Seed Oil Quality

Discover how lab-scale cold pressing ensures bioactive retention, solvent-free purity, and superior sensory profiles for pumpkin seed oil.

How Does The Grinding Process During Laboratory Sample Preparation Affect High-Pressure Phase Transformation Experiments?

Learn why precise grinding is critical for high-pressure experiments, from reducing stress to ensuring clear X-ray diffraction data.

Why Is A Heated Laboratory Press Important For Nlc Drug Delivery? Master Precise Synthesis And Stability

Learn how heated laboratory presses bridge the gap between AI-driven NLC design and physical drug delivery prototypes.

Why Is Hexagonal Boron Nitride (Hbn) Foil Used As An Internal Liner For Sps Of Titanium Alloys? Key Benefits Explained

Learn how HBN foil prevents carburization and protects graphite dies during Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) of reactive titanium alloys.

Why Is An Isostatic Lab Press Essential For Ltcc Green Tapes? Achieve Flawless Pre-Lamination Stacking

Learn how isostatic lab presses eliminate density gradients and ensure mechanical stability in LTCC green tape stacking for defect-free sintering.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Standard Battery Test Cells With Nickel-Plated Stainless Steel Electrodes? | Kintek

Discover how standard battery test cells with nickel-plated electrodes provide stability, reproducibility, and precision for polymer membrane testing.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) For Latp? Enhance Your Solid-State Electrolyte Density

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) achieves superior density, uniformity, and ionic conductivity in LATP electrolytes compared to axial pressing.

Why Is The Use Of A High-Density Oil Lubricant Necessary When Pressing Cu-Al-Ni Nanocomposite Powders?

Learn how high-density oil lubricants prevent mold wear, reduce ejection pressure, and ensure high-quality Cu-Al-Ni nanocomposite compacts.

Why Is A Laboratory Calender Important For Silicon Anodes? Ensure Precision In Mechanical Property Characterization

Learn how laboratory calendering ensures uniform density and structural integrity for accurate silicon-containing anode mechanical testing.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A Laboratory Isostatic Press For Lpbf Post-Treatment? Ensure Mission-Critical Reliability

Learn how Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) eliminates internal defects, enhances density, and improves fatigue life in LPBF 3D-printed components.

Why Is Hot Press Sintering Equipment Necessary For Uhtcs? Achieve Maximum Density In Zrb2 And Hfb2

Learn why hot press sintering is essential for high-performance ceramics like ZrB2, overcoming densification barriers for extreme applications.

What Is The Role Of A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) In Alumina Green Bodies? Achieve Uniform Density And Pore Structure

Learn how a cold isostatic press (CIP) eliminates density gradients and stabilizes pore architecture in alumina green bodies for superior ceramics.

What Is The Purpose Of The Cyclic Grinding-Sintering Process? Achieving High Uniformity In Ba2Na1-Xcaxoso6

Learn why cyclic grinding-sintering is essential for Ba2Na1-xCaxOsO6: it eliminates segregation and enables single-phase material synthesis.

Why Is Pressure Uniformity In A Laboratory Press Critical For Llzto? Master Solid-State Electrolyte Quality

Learn why uniform pressure is vital for LLZTO electrolytes to prevent micro-cracks, maximize density, and block lithium dendrites in batteries.

Why Is A High-Pressure Isostatic Press Necessary For Llzo Electrolytes? Achieve Dense, High-Performance Green Bodies

Learn why high-pressure isostatic pressing is critical for LLZO electrolytes to ensure uniform density and high ionic conductivity.

Why Is Strict Equipment Control Over Densification Temperature Required? Master Co-Firing Precision

Learn why precise thermal control in co-firing is vital for multi-layer ceramic devices to prevent structural failure and phase loss.

What Roles Do High-Purity Graphite Dies Serve Within The Spark Plasma Sintering (Sps) Process? Optimize Your Sintering

Learn how high-purity graphite dies act as heating elements and pressure vessels to enable rapid, uniform densification in the SPS process.

What Is The Purpose Of Incorporating An Ultrasonic Auxiliary Device? Enhance Strontium Ferrite Magnet Alignment

Learn how ultrasonic vibrations between 0.5-2.0 MHz optimize magnetic particle alignment and texture control in strontium ferrite wet pressing.

Why Combine Axial Pressing And Cold Isostatic Pressing? Create Perfect Alumina Ceramic Green Bodies

Learn how combining axial pressing with CIP eliminates density gradients and prevents sintering defects in alumina ceramic production.

Why Apply Mos2 Lubricant To Mold Walls For Fine-Grained Al-Matrix Powders? Essential Guide For Defect-Free Pressing

Learn why Molybdenum Disulfide is critical to reduce friction, prevent shear cracks, and ensure structural integrity in fine-grained powder pressing.

Why Use Lagrangian Method For Hip Simulation? Optimize Complex Part Accuracy And Material Density

Learn how Lagrangian and Wilkins-type simulations predict viscoplastic flow and shape distortion to ensure precision in Hot Isostatic Pressing.

Why Is It Necessary To Apply Lubricant To Molds For Lwscc? Ensure Specimen Integrity And Data Accuracy

Learn why lubricating molds for Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete is crucial for preventing damage and ensuring reliable testing data.

Why Is A Pressure Vessel Essential For Ple Or Swe? Unlock High-Efficiency Subcritical Extraction Performance

Learn why pressure vessels are critical for PLE and SWE, enabling high-temperature liquid contact and superior solvent penetration.

What Roles Do Ptfe Sheets And Metal Spacers Play? Optimize Polymer Film Precision In Lab Pressing

Learn how PTFE sheets and metal spacers ensure clean demolding and precise thickness for polymer films during heated laboratory pressing.

What Are The Technological Advantages Of Using A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip)? Achieve Superior Density Uniformity

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients and internal defects in aluminum composites compared to standard die pressing.

What Role Does A High-Precision Heating Stage Play In Raman Testing? Unlocking Core/Shell Nanoparticle Thermal Insights

Discover how high-precision heating stages enable in-situ Raman analysis to track ligand dynamics and nanoparticle thermal stability up to 300°C.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Customized Pressure Vessel In Battery Failure Studies? Quantifying Gas Release

Learn how customized pressure vessels enable precise calculation of gas volume during lithium-ion battery failure using the ideal gas law.

Why Is A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Used In Cu-Al Alloy Production? Achieve Uniform Density And Defect-Free Preforms

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates voids and ensures uniform density in Cu-Al alloy preforms for superior sintering results.

Why Is Hot Isostatic Pressing (Hip) Used For Lithium Nitrogen Oxide Phosphates? Scalable High-Density Synthesis

Discover how Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) enables large-scale, high-purity synthesis of lithium nitrogen oxide phosphates by suppressing impurities.

What Are The Advantages Of Hot Pressing For Halide Solid Electrolytes? Optimize Your Chloro-Bromide Performance

Learn how hot pressing improves halide solid electrolytes by reducing grain boundary impedance and enhancing ionic conductivity for batteries.

How Can An Overflow Valve Failure In A Hot Press Machine Be Identified? Diagnostic Tips For Hydraulic Pressure Issues

Learn how to identify overflow valve failure in your hot press machine through the handwheel test and pressure gauge monitoring.

What Is Vacuum Hot Pressing (Vhp) And What Is Its Main Purpose? Achieve High-Purity Material Consolidation

Learn how Vacuum Hot Pressing (VHP) combines heat, pressure, and vacuum to create high-density, high-purity functional ceramics and metal powders.

What Are The Desired Physical Characteristics Of A Finished Kbr Pellet For Ftir? Tips For Glass-Like Clarity

Learn the 3 key physical attributes of a perfect KBr pellet for FTIR: transparency, 2mm thickness, and geometric uniformity for accurate spectra.

How Does Shock Compression Technology Work In Compacting Nanopowders? Preserve Nanostructure For Superior Materials

Learn how shock compression compacts nanopowders in microseconds to retain nanoscale properties, prevent grain growth, and achieve high-density materials.

In Which Industries Is Cip Commonly Applied? Discover Key Sectors Using Cold Isostatic Pressing

Explore Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) applications in aerospace, automotive, medical, and electronics for uniform density and high-performance parts.

What Features Do Research Cip Systems With Threaded Vessels Offer? Unlock Ultra-High Pressure For Material Research

Explore features of Research CIP Systems with threaded vessels: up to 150,000 psi pressure, customizable sizes, and warm pressing for advanced materials.

What Are The Pressure Capabilities Of Warm Isostatic Presses? Tailored Solutions For Superior Densification

Explore how Warm Isostatic Pressing uses custom pressure and heat for uniform compaction in ceramics, metals, and composites, enhancing part density and performance.

What Are The Critical Functions Of The Conductive Die Set Within A Spark Plasma Sintering (Sps) Press? It's The Active Heart Of Your Sps Process

Discover the 3 critical roles of the SPS die set: generating heat, transmitting pressure, and shaping materials. Learn how it enables rapid, efficient fabrication.

What Equipment Is Required For Cold Isostatic Pressing? Essential Components For Uniform Density

Learn about Cold Isostatic Pressing equipment: pressure vessel, hydraulic system, elastomeric mold, and control systems for uniform material consolidation.

What Industries Commonly Use Warm Isostatic Pressing? Boost Component Quality In Aerospace, Medical, And More

Explore how Warm Isostatic Pressing (WIP) enhances manufacturing in aerospace, automotive, medical, and energy sectors for high-integrity components.

Why Is Heating The Liquid Medium Important In Warm Isostatic Pressing? Unlock Uniform Densification And Quality

Discover how heating in Warm Isostatic Pressing reduces fluid viscosity and powder energy for superior densification and uniform part quality.

How Are Vacuum Hot Pressing Sintering Furnaces Classified Based On Service Environment? Choose The Right Furnace For Your Lab

Learn how vacuum hot pressing sintering furnaces are classified by service environment—atmospheric, controlled atmosphere, or vacuum—for optimal material processing.

How Has Automation Improved Cip Systems? Boost Efficiency, Precision, And Safety

Discover how automation enhances Cold Isostatic Pressing with faster cycles, consistent quality, and improved operator safety for better industrial outcomes.

What Is The Role Of High-Energy Mixing Or Grinding Equipment In 1.2Lioh-Fecl3 Oxychloride Cathode Electrolytes?

Learn how high-energy mixing induces structural transformation and amorphous phase changes in 1.2LiOH-FeCl3 oxychloride cathode electrolytes.

What Is The Purpose Of Applying 360 Mpa To Li3Ps4-Lii Electrolyte? Optimize Your Solid-State Battery Density

Learn how 360 MPa pressure via a hydraulic press densifies Li3PS4-LiI powder to maximize ionic conductivity and mechanical strength in batteries.

What Are The Process Advantages Of Using A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Over Conventional Pressing For Tungsten Skeletons?

Discover how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients and prevents cracking to produce superior tungsten skeletons.

Why Is An Industrial Hydraulic Press Used For Cip Zirconia Forming? Achieve Defect-Free Ceramic Sintering

Learn how hydraulic-driven Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) ensures uniform density and prevents cracking in Zirconia ceramic green bodies.

Why Is Graphite Paper Placed In The Mold For Sintering Ti(C,N) Cermets? Optimize Your Lab's Material Processing

Learn why graphite paper is essential in Ti(C,N) cermet sintering to prevent mold adhesion, extend tool life, and ensure superior surface quality.

What Is The Economic Significance Of Reinforced Thermal Insulation? Slash Energy Costs In Thermal Press Systems

Learn how reinforced insulation boosts ROI by reducing heat loss, cutting fuel expenses, and minimizing boiler idle time in thermal press systems.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Programmable Loading Laboratory Press System? Master Interface Analysis

Unlock precise control over contact interface evolution with programmable loading. Learn how preset gradients reveal real contact area dynamics.

How Does The Speed Of A Press Plunger Affect Mgal2O4-Tib2 Composites? Master Shs-Extrusion Structural Control

Learn how plunger speed controls the density and geometry of MgAl2O4-TiB2 composites, enabling shifts between solid rods and hollow tubes.

What Is The Protective Function Of Graphite Foil Liners In Sps? Extend Die Life And Ensure Sample Integrity

Learn how graphite foil liners protect dies during Spark Plasma Sintering by providing chemical isolation and easier demolding.

What Is The Primary Function Of A High-Pressure Cell In Pla/Caco3 Foaming? Optimize Your Supercritical Co2 Process

Learn how high-pressure cells enable supercritical CO2 saturation and rapid depressurization for high-quality PLA/CaCO3 composite foam production.

What Are The Advantages Of Mounting An Epoxy Resin Curing Mold On A Thickened Aluminum Heating Platform?

Learn how thickened aluminum platforms optimize thermal uniformity and mechanical stability for epoxy curing and LPFG sensor protection.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of Adding Lubricants Like Zinc Stearate To Powder Compaction? Optimize Your Pressing Process

Learn how lubricants reduce friction, improve pressure transmission, and prevent die wear to ensure uniform density in powder compaction.

What Is The Primary Role Of High-Intensity Ball Milling In W/2024Al Composites? Achieve Uniform Powder Dispersion

Learn how high-intensity ball milling ensures uniform dispersion and prevents agglomeration in W/2024Al composites for superior material properties.

Why Is Aluminum Oxide Powder Mixed With Kbr For Ftir? Master Transparent Pellet Preparation For Precise Analysis

Learn why KBr is the ideal infrared-transparent matrix for aluminum oxide FTIR analysis and how to optimize pellet transparency and data quality.

Why Use Kbr Pellets For Ftir Of Arbidol Hydrochloride? Achieve High-Resolution Molecular Fingerprints

Learn why KBr pellet preparation is vital for Arbidol Hydrochloride FTIR analysis to eliminate noise and ensure precise functional group detection.

Why Is A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Machine Essential For Bi-2223? Achieve High-Density Superconducting Performance

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients to prevent cracking and enhance Jc in large-sized Bi-2223 superconductors.

How Do Lab Press Machines Or Rolling Equipment Impact Lmfp Electrode Performance? Optimize Your Battery Research

Learn how lab presses and rolling equipment optimize LMFP electrode density, reduce resistance, and enhance battery cycle life through compaction.

Why Is A Blade Grinder Necessary For Pla Composites? Master Pretreatment For Perfect Hot-Press Molding

Learn why blade grinding is essential for PLA composites to ensure uniform particle size, synchronous melting, and high-quality mold densification.

Why Is A Digital Pressure-Controlled Electric Sealing Machine Essential For All-Solid-State Button Cells?

Learn why precise pressure is critical for solid-state battery assembly to ensure interfacial contact and eliminate internal voids for performance.

Why Use Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) For Hydroxyapatite? Ensure High-Density, Defect-Free Ceramic Sintering

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients in hydroxyapatite green bodies to prevent cracks and ensure uniform shrinkage.

What Functions Does A High-Purity Graphite Crucible Serve In Sintering? 3 Key Roles For Porous Silicon Carbide

Learn how high-purity graphite crucibles stabilize the carbon atmosphere and ensure uniform heat transfer for Porous Self-Bonded Silicon Carbide.

How Do A Laboratory Hydraulic Press And Kbr Facilitate Ft-Ir Of Quercetin Complexes? Unlock Precise Molecular Analysis

Learn how hydraulic presses and KBr pellets enable FT-IR characterization of Quercetin by creating transparent optical paths for spectroscopy.