How Do Laboratory Hydraulic Presses Assist In Establishing Sensitivity Curves For Bopet Sensors? Precise Stress Mapping

Learn how hydraulic presses characterize BOPET sensors by mapping pressure ranges (148-926 kPa) to voltage for accurate non-linear sensitivity models.

Why Use Standardized Cr2032 Components & High-Precision Presses? Ensure Reliability In Lithium Metal Battery Research.

Learn how standardized CR2032 components and precision sealing presses minimize variables and optimize lithium metal battery performance.

What Are The Technical Challenges Involved In Using High-Precision Roll Pressing Equipment? Solve Lithium Metal Anodes

Learn the challenges of producing ultra-thin lithium anodes, from managing material softness to preventing dendrites with high-precision rolling.

How Does An Integrated Hydraulic Ejection System Improve Hybrid Composite Quality? Ensure Precision In Every Part

Learn how hydraulic ejection systems eliminate defects in complex hybrid composites by providing uniform force and protecting delicate interfaces.

What Is The Significance Of Forming Metallurgical Bonds Using Hot Isostatic Pressing (Hip)? Achieve Hybrid Properties

Learn how Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) creates seamless metallurgical bonds to produce high-performance, dense, and corrosion-resistant components.

What Are The Typical Diameter Requirements For Ftir Pellets? Ensuring Compatibility With Your Spectrometer

Learn why FTIR pellet diameters range from 3mm to 13mm and how to select the right size based on your spectrometer's hardware specifications.

What Are The Main Applications Of A Kbr Press In Spectroscopy? Master Precise Ir Analysis & Pelleting

Learn how KBr presses enable Infrared Spectroscopy through transparent pellet preparation for R&D, Quality Control, and molecular analysis.

How Does A High-Temperature Laboratory Furnace Facilitate The Austenitization Of 22Mnb5 Boron Steel?

Learn how high-temperature furnaces transform 22MnB5 boron steel into austenite, ensuring uniform martensitic structures for press hardening.

How Does An Atmosphere Control Sintering Furnace Contribute To Composite Cathode Performance? Master Po2 Regulation

Learn how oxygen partial pressure (Po2) regulation in sintering furnaces inhibits cobalt diffusion and boosts composite cathode conductivity.

What Are The Primary Advantages Of Using Cylindrical Platinum Crucibles? Ensure Purity In Mineral Heat Treatment

Learn how cylindrical platinum crucibles provide chemical inertness, thermal stability at 1050°C, and data integrity for mineral analysis.

How Does The High-Temperature Sintering Process Influence 3Y-Tzp Ceramics? Optimize Density & Mechanical Performance

Learn how sintering temperature and grain size control (1400°C for 2h) drive densification and superplasticity in 3Y-TZP ceramics.

How Does A High-Precision Heating Stage Improve Germanium Thin Films? Enhance Thermal Activation And Conductivity

Learn how high-precision heating stages drive lattice reorganization and grain growth to optimize germanium-based thin film performance.

What Is The Function Of Automated Specimen Compactors? Achieve Peak Precision In Soil Molding

Learn how automated specimen compactors ensure uniform molding pressure and repeatable density for accurate mechanical strength testing.

What Is The Function Of An Extrusion Press In The Manufacturing Chain Of Closed-Cell Aluminum Foam? Ensuring Density

Learn how extrusion presses transform aluminum green compacts into dense, high-quality precursors by eliminating porosity for optimal foam results.

What Role Does A High-Capacity Forming Press Play In The Powder Forging Process? Achieve 100% Relative Density

Learn how high-capacity presses (5 MN) at 1100°C eliminate porosity and ensure full densification in TRIP matrix composite manufacturing.

Why Is A High-Precision Hydraulic Crimper Essential For Lithium-Sulfur Coin Cells? Ensure Stability And Precision

Learn how high-precision hydraulic crimpers ensure hermetic seals and uniform pressure for stable, reproducible Li-S battery research results.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Flexible Graphite Sheets As Mold Materials In The Heat Process? Form Complex Titanium Shapes

Learn how flexible graphite sheets provide unmatched formability and thermal stability for titanium molding in the HEAT process.

What Are The Dual Functions Of Industrial-Grade High-Strength Plungers? Maximize Fe-Cr-C Powder Sintering Efficiency

Learn how industrial plungers act as conductive electrodes and load-bearing components to eliminate porosity in Fe-Cr-C powder processing.

What Precautions Should Be Taken When Using A Vacuum Die Set For Kbr Pellet Preparation? Ensure High-Quality Pellets For Accurate Analysis

Learn essential precautions for KBr pellet preparation, including moisture control, vacuum application, and safety tips to achieve clear, reliable pellets for spectroscopy.

What Sustainable And Energy-Efficient Practices Are Being Integrated Into Cip Technology? Cut Costs & Waste

Explore how advanced insulation, optimized pressure systems, and closed-loop fluid recycling are making CIP technology more sustainable and energy-efficient.

Why Is A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Essential For Assembling Lithium Metal With Porous Llzo? Achieve A Dendrite-Free Solid-State Battery Interface

Discover how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) creates a void-free interface between lithium metal and LLZO electrolyte, lowering impedance and preventing dendrites in solid-state batteries.

What Is The Purpose Of The Second Pressing Stage At 72 Mpa During The Assembly Of A Solid-State Battery Cell? Ensure Intimate Layer Contact For Optimal Performance

Discover why the 72 MPa press is critical for solid-state battery assembly, enabling low interfacial resistance and high-rate performance by bonding electrode layers.

What Is The Core Function Of A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) In The Forming Process Of Lifepo4 Ceramics? Achieve Uniform Density For Superior Performance

Discover how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) creates uniform, high-density LiFePO4 ceramic green bodies to prevent cracking and enhance ionic conductivity.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) For Llzo Electrolytes? Achieve Superior Density And Conductivity

Discover how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) enhances Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ electrolyte density and ionic conductivity vs. uniaxial pressing alone for solid-state batteries.

Why Is The Cold Pressing Process Essential For Preparing Li6Ps5Cl Sulfide Electrolyte Pellets? Achieve Dense, Functional Solid-State Battery Components

Learn how cold pressing densifies Li6PS5Cl powder into solid electrolyte pellets, enabling high ionic conductivity and mechanical integrity for all-solid-state batteries.

What Is The Function Of A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) In The Green Body Forming Process? Achieve 98% Density For Superior Electrolytes

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) creates uniform green bodies for HE-O-MIEC & LLZTO electrolytes, enabling 98% theoretical density and optimal conductivity.

What Is The Critical Role Of The Uniaxial Pressing System In Sps Equipment? Driving Densification In Nickel-Based Alloys

Learn how the uniaxial pressing system in SPS equipment enables rapid densification of nickel-based alloys by breaking oxide films and promoting plastic flow.

What Is The Wet Bag Process In Cip? Master Versatile Cold Isostatic Pressing For Complex Parts

Learn about the wet bag process in Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP), its steps, benefits for uniform density, and how it compares to dry bag CIP for prototyping and large parts.

Why Must Precision Thermocouples Be Placed Near The Specimen? Optimize Inconel 718 Vacuum Hot Pressing Accuracy

Learn why proximity sensor placement is vital for Inconel 718 vacuum hot pressing to prevent thermal lag and ensure microstructural integrity.

In What Ways Does Overpressure Heat Treatment Improve Grain Alignment In Bi-2223 Wires? Enhance Superconductor Performance

Learn how overpressure heat treatment eliminates porosity and forces grain alignment in Bi-2223 wires to boost critical current performance.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A High-Temperature Annealing Furnace At 1250°C? Achieve Stable Alpha-Alumina Ceramics

Learn how 1250°C annealing transforms cold-sintered alumina into stable alpha-alumina by removing moisture and enhancing mechanical strength.

Why Use A Double-Acting Automatic Press For Powder Metallurgy? Improve Density And Performance Of Iron-Based Composites.

Learn why double-acting presses are superior for powder metallurgy, offering uniform density and reducing sintering defects in iron-based composites.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Coin Cell Crimping Press? Ensure Precision Sealing And Electrical Contact

Learn how coin cell crimping presses enable hermetic sealing and minimize internal resistance for consistent battery research results.

What Role Do Thin-Walled Aluminum Sleeves Play In High-Pressure Testing? Ensure Precision And Fluid Isolation

Learn how thin-walled aluminum sleeves ensure coaxial alignment and prevent fluid penetration in high-pressure sample assembly.

What Role Does A High-Temperature Heat Treatment Furnace Play In The Surface Modification Of Natural Graphite? Enhance Anode Performance

Learn how precision heat treatment furnaces optimize natural graphite anodes through controlled oxidation and surface modification for battery research.

Why Is Isostatic Pressing Superior To Traditional Mechanical Pressing For Mlcc? Achieve Flawless Ceramic Components

Learn why isostatic pressing outperforms mechanical pressing for MLCCs by ensuring uniform density, preventing delamination, and reducing pores.

What Role Does A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Play In The Formation Of Bst-Xmn Piezoelectric Ceramic Green Bodies?

Learn how laboratory hydraulic presses ensure density uniformity and structural integrity in BST-xMn piezoelectric ceramic green body formation.

How Does The Isostatic Pressure Characteristic Of High-Pressure Equipment Protect The Physical Form Of Products?

Learn how isostatic pressure uses multidirectional equilibrium to preserve product shape and internal integrity even at extreme 600MPa pressure.

How Do The Punches Of A Lab Press Facilitate The Cold Welding Of Metal Powders? Achieve Reliable Green Body Strength

Learn how punch-driven axial pressure induces plastic deformation and ruptures oxide layers to achieve cold welding in metal powder molding.

What Role Do Compact Hydraulic Pumps Play In The Study Of Pre-Tightening Forces For Assbs? Optimize Battery Performance

Learn how compact hydraulic pumps regulate pressure in ASSB research to minimize interface impedance and maximize discharge capacity.

How Does A Sintering Furnace Facilitate Texture Development In Tgg? Master Templated Grain Growth Mechanisms

Learn how high-temperature sintering furnaces drive grain boundary mobility and template expansion to create high-performance textured ceramics.

What Criteria Are Used To Choose Between Stepped Graphite And Rhenium Foil Heaters? Optimize Your High-Pressure Experiments

Learn how to select the right heater material based on pressure targets: graphite for up to 8 GPa and rhenium foil for extreme 14 GPa environments.

Why Is It Necessary To Use Compaction Tools For Stabilized Marine Clay? Unlock Maximum Density And Strength

Learn why manual compaction is critical for stabilized marine clay, from expelling air voids to reaching maximum dry density for lab reliability.

How Do High-Precision Pressing Equipment And Dies Influence The Quality Of Pit Magnetic Refrigeration Wires?

Learn how high-precision pressing ensures core uniformity, prevents structural defects, and maximizes heat exchange in PIT magnetic refrigeration.

Why Use A High-Precision Lab Press For Orfb Stack Assembly? Optimize Resistance, Sealing, And Performance

Learn why precise laboratory presses are essential for Organic Redox Flow Battery (ORFB) assembly to minimize resistance and prevent leakage.

Why Compare Isostatic And Uniaxial Pressing For Oxide Nanopowders? Unlocking The Secrets Of Nanoparticle Densification

Learn why comparing isostatic and uniaxial pressing is vital to understanding the sliding-dominated densification of oxide nanopowders.

Why Is The Use Of A Cold Press Machine Necessary Following Hot-Pressing Of Biocomposites? Achieve Structural Integrity

Learn why cold pressing is essential for biocomposites to lock micro-morphology, prevent warping, and ensure dimensional stability after heating.

Why Is A Sealed Metal Container Necessary During Hip For Udimet 720 Powder? Master The Densification Process

Learn how sealed metal containers enable pressure transfer and prevent contamination during Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) of UDIMET 720 superalloys.

How Does The Temperature Setting Influence Nano-Silicon Nitride Densification? Achieve Over 96% Density At 1800°C

Learn how elevating sintering temperatures to 1800°C optimizes density, reduces pore size, and enhances toughness in nano-silicon nitride ceramics.

What Are The Practical Benefits Of Using A Separator Wrapping Process? Achieve Reliable Battery Mechanical Testing

Learn how separator wrapping prevents electrode tearing and material shedding to ensure accurate battery stack compression data.

What Is The Role Of Lanthanum Chromite (Lacro3) Ceramic Heaters? Powering High-Pressure Lab Success

Learn how LaCrO3 heaters enable temperatures up to 1900 °C in high-pressure lab presses while ensuring chemical stability and thermal uniformity.

What Critical Role Does A Laboratory Manual Press Play In The Preparation Of Supercapacitor Electrode Sheets?

Learn how manual presses optimize electrical connectivity, ensure mechanical stability, and control density in supercapacitor electrode preparation.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Isostatic Press In The Pi Process? Optimize Your Ceramic Green Body Densification

Learn how laboratory isostatic presses drive pressure infiltration (PI) to fill green body pores, increasing density for superior sintering results.

Why Is A High-Precision Rolling Press Essential For Regenerated Lfp Electrodes? Master Your Battery Microstructure

Learn how high-precision rolling optimizes porosity and density in regenerated LFP electrodes to maximize battery energy and performance.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Rapid Heating Sintering Furnace For Solid-State Battery Electrolytes?

Learn how rapid heating sintering furnaces preserve chemical integrity, maintain stoichiometry, and boost solid-state battery performance.

What Key Indicators Are Measured Using A Muffle Furnace During Biochar Testing? Ensure Precise Biochar Standardization

Learn how high-precision muffle furnaces measure total ash content and volatile matter to ensure biochar quality and carbon sequestration stability.

Why Is Graphite Lubricant Applied To The Mold Walls Rather Than Mixed Into The Powder? Protect Ti-5Fe-Xnb Alloy Purity

Learn why wall lubrication is essential for Ti-5Fe-xNb alloys to prevent carbon contamination and ensure superior material ductility and biocompatibility.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Press In Cold Pressing? Master Aluminum Alloy Nanocomposite Fabrication

Learn how a laboratory press creates green compacts through mechanical interlocking and porosity reduction during cold pressing of nanocomposites.

Why Is The Pressure Holding Stage Essential For Ptfe Composites? Ensure Structural Integrity & Prevent Cracks

Learn why pressure holding is critical for PTFE compaction, preventing elastic recovery and ensuring uniform density in your composite materials.

Why Must Batio3–Bisco3 Ceramic Samples Undergo Cip? Achieve Uniform Density For High-Performance Ceramics

Learn why Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) is vital for BaTiO3–BiScO3 ceramics to eliminate density gradients and prevent sintering cracks.

Why Is Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) Necessary For Yttrium Oxide? Achieve Flawless Transparent Ceramic Green Bodies

Learn why CIP is essential for Y2O3 transparent ceramics to eliminate density gradients, reduce porosity, and ensure optical clarity.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Laboratory Muffle Furnace In Biomass Carbonization? Optimize Your Biochar Research

Learn how muffle furnaces drive pyrolysis in aquatic biomass carbonization through oxygen-limited heating and precise temperature control.

What Are The Technological Advantages Of Using An Industrial Screw Press? Enhance Hitemal Composite Densification

Learn how industrial screw presses achieve 99.9% density in HITEMAL aluminum composites while preserving critical nanometric alumina structures.

How Does A Lab Hydraulic Press Facilitate The Mechanical Cold Pressing Of Rice Bran For Oil Extraction? Guide To Purity

Learn how a lab hydraulic press extracts organic rice bran oil through physical cold pressing, preserving nutrients without chemical solvents.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Cold Isostatic Press For Zif-8? Achieve Uniform High-Pressure Amorphization

Discover why Cold Isostatic Pressing is essential for ZIF-8 amorphization, ensuring isotropic pressure and sample integrity up to 200 MPa.

Why Must Litfsi And Scn Be Processed In An Inert Gas Glove Box? Ensure Electrolyte Purity And Battery Life

Learn why LiTFSI and SCN require inert atmosphere processing to prevent moisture degradation and ensure high battery cycle life.

What Is The Role Of An Industrial Mechanical Press In Pm Gear Manufacturing? Achieve Near-Net-Shape Density Profiles

Learn how industrial mechanical presses transform steel powder into green compacts by establishing critical density and shape in powder metallurgy.

What Role Does A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Play In Preparing Perovskite Oxide Samples? Ensure Accurate Xas/Xps Data

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) creates dense, vacuum-compatible perovskite samples to eliminate outgassing and enhance XAS/XPS signal accuracy.

What Conditions Must Muffle Furnaces Provide For 1200K Ion Exchange Kinetics? Ensure Precision In Solid Electrolytes

Learn the essential thermal requirements for studying ion exchange kinetics at 1200K, focusing on temperature stability and diffusion accuracy.

What Is The Pressure-Holding Time In Isostatic Pressing? Master Alumina Powder Molding Precision

Learn why pressure-holding time is vital for alumina molding, ensuring density uniformity, stress relaxation, and structural integrity.

What Is The Mechanism Of A High-Temperature Sintering Furnace? Enhance High-Density Mullite Ceramic Production

Learn how high-temperature sintering at 1700°C drives solid-phase reactions and densification for low-loss microwave dielectric ceramics.

What Role Do An Alumina-Loaded Furnace And A Zirconia Oxygen Pump Play In The Preparation Of Uo2+X? Master Precision.

Learn how the synergy between alumina furnaces and zirconia oxygen pumps enables precise stoichiometric control in uranium dioxide synthesis.

What Is The Role Of Calcination In Sdc Powder Preparation? Achieve Precise Cubic Fluorite Structures

Learn how calcination and heating equipment transform amorphous precursors into high-activity Samarium-doped Ceria (SDC) for advanced ceramics.

Why Is A High-Temperature Sintering Furnace Required For Sialon Ceramics? Master Precision Thermal Processing

Learn why producing Dy-SiAlON ceramics requires 1850°C and precise 10°C/min heating rates for optimal densification and grain growth.

What Are The Advantages Of Using An Isostatic Press For Tungsten Heavy Alloy Powders? Achieve Uniform High Density

Learn how isostatic pressing eliminates density gradients and prevents warping during sintering for high-quality tungsten heavy alloy components.

What Role Does A Heat Treatment Furnace Play In Lacl3-Xbrx Optimization? Unlock High-Performance Ionic Transport

Learn how precision heat treatment transforms LaCl3-xBrx green bodies into 3D ionic networks through stress relief and vacancy regulation.

Why Use 500 Mpa For Anode-Less Solid-State Batteries? Achieve Flawless Interface Contact And Ionic Flow.

Learn why 500 MPa cold pressing is essential to eliminate voids and establish ion transport in anode-less all-solid-state battery assembly.

What Is The Function Of A Roll Press Machine In The Processing Of Coated Mn2Sio4 Electrode Sheets? Optimize Your Battery Performance

Learn how a roll press machine densifies Mn2SiO4 electrode sheets to improve energy density, conductivity, and electrochemical performance.

Why Is Silicone Rubber Selected For Rubber Isostatic Pressing (Rip)? Unlock Precision In Warm Pressing Environments

Learn why silicone rubber's heat resistance and hyperelasticity make it the ideal medium for achieving uniform density in isostatic pressing.

Why Is An Isostatic Press Used After Axial Pressing? Achieve Defect-Free Gadolinium Zirconate Ceramics

Learn why isostatic pressing is critical after axial pressing to eliminate density gradients and prevent cracking during 1600°C sintering.

What Are The Essential Components Of A Standard Powder Pelleting Die Set? Comprehensive Guide To Die Set Anatomy

Learn the 5 essential components of a powder pelleting die set: the die sleeve, plunger, spacers, base plate, and release ring for precision results.

Why Is The Use Of Precision Molds Important For Evaluating Sulfide Electrolytes? Ensure Accurate Research Results

Learn how precision molds optimize density, ionic conductivity, and data repeatability in sulfide-based all-solid-state battery research.

How Does A Coin Cell Sealer Affect Lmto-Drx Testing? Optimize Radial Pressure For Accurate Battery Research

Learn how precision coin cell sealers minimize contact resistance and ensure accurate rate performance for LMTO-DRX cathode materials.

What Role Do Laboratory Hot Plates Or Ovens Play In Petea Electrolyte Curing? Mastering Thermal Polymerization

Learn how constant temperature hot plates and ovens activate AIBN initiators to control PETEA electrolyte polymerization and cross-linking density.

What Are The Advantages Of Preparing Fused Discs For Xrf Analysis Of Clay? Master Precision In Geological Testing

Learn how fused discs eliminate physical matrix effects and grain-size bias to provide superior accuracy in XRF analysis of clay samples.

Why Is The Use Of Double-Sided Siliconized Paper Necessary As An Auxiliary Material In The Hot Pressing Process?

Learn why siliconized paper is essential for hot pressing, preventing polymer adhesion and ensuring sample integrity and equipment longevity.

How Does The Use Of An Isostatic Press Facilitate An Ideal Lithium/Electrolyte Interface? Optimize Battery Performance

Learn how isostatic pressing uses plastic deformation to create pore-free, atomic-level bonds between lithium metal and solid-state electrolytes.

How Does A High-Temperature Electric Heating Furnace Contribute To The Physical Activation Of Clay Monoliths?

Learn how high-temperature calcination at 600°C optimizes clay monoliths for water purification by enhancing porosity and structural strength.

Why Is An Argon (Ar) Protective Atmosphere Necessary During The Hot Pressing Of Gdc Ceramics? Ensure Equipment Longevity

Learn why Argon is essential in GDC ceramic hot pressing to protect graphite molds from oxidation and ensure chemical stability of precursors.

What Role Does A High-Temperature Calcination Furnace Play In Nanbo3-Based Powder Synthesis? Optimize Phase Purity

Learn how high-temperature calcination furnaces drive solid-state synthesis and phase transformation in NaNbO3-based powders.

What Are The Advantages Of Isostatic Pressing For Solid-State Batteries? Overcome Interface Contact Issues Efficiently

Learn how isostatic pressing eliminates voids and reduces impedance in solid-state batteries through uniform pressure for superior performance.

How Does An Industrial-Grade Hydraulic Testing Machine Ensure The Accuracy Of Strength Test Results? Precision Control

Learn how high-precision sensors and constant loading rates ensure accurate flexural and compressive testing for Gypsum/HDPE composites.

How Do Laboratory Heating Devices Facilitate In-Situ Polymerization For Batteries? Optimize Electrolyte Production

Learn how heating devices like drying ovens and hot plates activate EPN formation for superior battery electrolyte stability and performance.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A Pre-Press Before Hot Pressing Plywood? Optimize Your Veneer Bonding Success

Learn how pre-pressing plywood veneers improves adhesive penetration, prevents layer shifting, and eliminates delamination before final hot curing.

Why Is A Laboratory Manual Hydraulic Press Used For Jojoba Oil Extraction? Ensure Maximum Purity And Bioactivity

Learn why the manual hydraulic press is the gold standard for cold-pressing Jojoba Oil to prevent thermal degradation and chemical oxidation.

What Critical Process Steps Does A High-Temperature Sintering Furnace Perform? Mastering Porous Ceramic Fabrication

Learn how high-temperature sintering furnaces facilitate template removal and structural reinforcement for high-performance porous ceramics.

What Is The Importance Of Using Precision Molds For Electrolyte Pellets? Ensure Accurate Electrochemical Data

Discover how precision molds and hydraulic presses eliminate current density hotspots and ensure uniform geometry in electrolyte pellet forming.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A Specialized Dumbbell-Shaped Cutting Press? Ensure Reliable Material Testing Data

Learn how specialized cutting presses ensure ASTM compliance, eliminate edge defects, and guarantee data integrity in tensile testing.

What Is The Function Of A High-Range Compression Testing Machine? Prove The Structural Integrity Of Your Limestone

Learn how high-range compression testing machines measure uniaxial load-bearing capacity to validate limestone for safety-critical construction.

What Is The Purpose Of Applying 400 Mpa Cip On Sic Green Bodies? Maximize Density And Eliminate Internal Gradients

Learn how 400 MPa Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) removes density gradients and increases green strength in Silicon Carbide for superior sintering.