Why Use Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) For Calcium Silicate/Titanium Composites? Achieve Perfect Structural Uniformity

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing eliminates density gradients and prevents cracking in calcium silicate and titanium alloy composite sintering.

Why Are Spark Plasma Sintering Or Hot Pressing Machines Typically Used In Fgm Dental Implants? Achieve Superior Bonding

Learn how SPS and Hot Pressing create high-density, delamination-resistant FGM dental implants by fusing titanium and ceramics under pressure.

Why Is A Hot Isostatic Press (Hip) Essential For Enhancing The Optical Transparency Of Tb2(Hf1–Xtbx)2O7–X Ceramics?

Learn how Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) eliminates microscopic pores to achieve near-theoretical density and high transparency in optical ceramics.

How Does Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) Operate? Achieve Perfect Material Uniformity And Strength

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) uses omnidirectional pressure to create high-density green bodies with complex shapes and uniform density.

What Are The Common Uses And Materials For Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip)? Master High-Density Material Consolidation

Learn about Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) materials like ceramics and metals, and its applications in aerospace, medical, and industrial sectors.

What Is The Ambient Temperature Range For A Warm Isostatic Press? Ensure Optimal Performance In Your Lab

Learn the 10°C to 35°C ambient range for Warm Isostatic Presses, crucial for equipment stability and consistent material molding in labs.

What Is The Conclusion About Cold Isostatic Pressing? Achieve Superior Uniformity And Density For Critical Components

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) creates dense, uniform parts from powders, ideal for high-performance materials in aerospace, medical, and electronics industries.

What Industries Commonly Use Cold Isostatic Pressing? Unlock Superior Material Integrity

Explore how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) benefits aerospace, medical, and advanced manufacturing with uniform density and complex shapes.

What Factors Are Important For Achieving Low Detection Limits In Xrf? Boost Your Trace Analysis Accuracy

Learn how to optimize XRF detection limits by maximizing signal and minimizing background noise for precise trace element analysis in labs.

What Are The Applications Of Wet Bag Technology In Cip? Unlock Flexibility For Complex Shapes And Large Parts

Explore wet bag CIP applications for complex geometries, prototyping, and large components. Learn trade-offs vs. dry bag for optimal manufacturing.

What Are The Limitations Of The Wet Bag Process In Cip? Slow Cycles, High Labor, And Limited Automation.

Explore the key drawbacks of wet bag CIP, including slow cycle times, high labor needs, and poor automation for efficient production.

Why Is Cip Considered Versatile? Unlock Uniform Density For Complex Parts

Discover how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) uses isostatic pressure to form large, complex parts with uniform density, reducing defects and improving quality.

How Does Cip Improve The Mechanical Properties Of Materials? Achieve Superior Strength And Durability

Discover how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) enhances material strength, ductility, and fatigue resistance through uniform density and microstructure.

What Are Some Applications Of Cold Isostatic Pressing? Achieve Uniform Density And Superior Performance

Explore Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) applications in powder metallurgy, ceramics, and automotive parts for high-density, uniform components.

What Types Of Materials Can Be Processed Using Cip? Unlock Versatile Powder Consolidation For Dense Parts

Explore materials for Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP), including metals, ceramics, carbides, and plastics, for uniform density and high-performance parts.

What Are The Advantages Of Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) For Pellet Making? Boost Strength And Uniformity

Discover how CIP enhances pellet making with uniform density, complex shapes, and predictable sintering for superior material strength and reliability.

In Which Industries Is Isostatic Pressing Widely Used? Essential For Aerospace, Medical, And Energy Sectors

Explore how isostatic pressing ensures superior density and reliability in aerospace, medical, energy, and advanced materials industries for high-performance components.

What Are The Advantages Of Electrical Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) Over Manual Cip? Boost Precision And Efficiency

Discover how electrical CIP offers superior automation, repeatability, and speed for uniform material compaction in labs and production.

What Are The Advantages Of Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) In Producing High-Integrity Billets Or Preforms? Achieve Uniform Density And Superior Performance

Discover how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) ensures uniform density, high green strength, and design flexibility for superior billets and preforms in laboratory settings.

What Is A Vacuum Hot Press Furnace And What Are Its Primary Functions? Unlock Advanced Material Processing

Learn how vacuum hot press furnaces combine heat, pressure, and vacuum for sintering, bonding, and forming high-purity materials in aerospace and labs.

What Are The Trade-Offs Of Using Isostatic Compaction Compared To Traditional Methods? Optimize Your Component Performance And Costs

Explore the trade-offs between isostatic and traditional compaction: higher costs for superior density, uniformity, and complex shapes in material processing.

What Sustainability Improvements Are Emerging In Cip Technology? Boost Efficiency With Green Innovations

Discover key sustainability advances in Cold Isostatic Pressing, including closed-loop systems, energy-efficient hardware, and digital optimization for reduced waste.

What Are The Customization Options Available For Electric Lab Cips? Tailor Your Press For Optimal Material Performance

Explore electric lab CIP customization for pressure vessel dimensions, automation, and precise cycle control to enhance material integrity and lab efficiency.

What Industries Benefit From Cold Isostatic Pressing Technology? Ensure Reliability In Aerospace, Medical, And More

Discover how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) ensures uniform density and strength for critical parts in aerospace, medical, energy, and electronics industries.

What Effect Does Cold Isostatic Pressing Have On Grain Size? Achieve Fine Grains For Stronger Materials

Discover how Cold Isostatic Pressing refines grain size through plastic deformation and recrystallization, enhancing material strength and uniformity.

What Pressure Media Are Used In Cold Isostatic Presses? Optimize Your Cip Process With The Right Fluid

Learn about water, oil, and water-glycol pressure media in cold isostatic presses, their trade-offs, and how to choose based on cost, safety, and performance.

How Does The Wet-Bag Process Work In Cold Isostatic Pressing? Unlock Uniform Powder Compaction For Superior Parts

Learn how the wet-bag CIP process uses fluid pressure for uniform powder compaction, ideal for large, complex parts and high-density green compacts.

What Industries Commonly Use Hot Presses? Discover Key Applications And Benefits

Explore industries using hot presses for bonding, molding, and curing in woodworking, composites, electronics, and more. Enhance your production with precise heat and pressure.

In Which Industries Is Cip Commonly Applied? Discover Key Sectors Using Cold Isostatic Pressing

Explore Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) applications in aerospace, automotive, medical, and electronics for uniform density and high-performance parts.

How Does Cip Enable The Production Of Complex And Intricate Shapes? Unlock Uniform Density For Advanced Components

Discover how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) uses uniform pressure to create complex shapes with high density and precision, ideal for industries like electronics and energy.

What Are The Advantages Of Uniform Density And Structural Integrity In Cip? Achieve Superior Performance And Reliability

Discover how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) ensures uniform density and structural integrity, reducing defects and enhancing material performance in powder metallurgy.

What Are The Applications Of Isostatic Pressing? Unlock Superior Performance In Automotive, Aerospace, And Medical Parts

Explore isostatic pressing applications in automotive, aerospace, medical, and energy sectors for high-density, complex components with uniform properties.

Why Is Selecting The Right Heated Lab Press Important? Ensure Accurate Results And Reliable Performance

Learn how choosing the correct heated lab press impacts accuracy, repeatability, and efficiency in materials science and lab research.

What Are The Key Characteristics Of Research Cip Systems With Pin Type Vessels? Discover Efficient, Safe Lab Pressing Solutions

Explore Research CIP Systems with pin-type vessels: 60,000 psi pressure, automated controls, and durability for reliable lab isostatic pressing.

How Is Hydraulic Pressure Used In Warm Isostatic Pressing? Achieve Uniform Powder Compaction

Learn how hydraulic pressure in Warm Isostatic Pressing ensures uniform compaction for high-density, defect-free parts in metals, ceramics, and composites.

What Industries Commonly Use Isostatic Pressing Technology? Unlock High-Performance Manufacturing Solutions

Explore industries using isostatic pressing for uniform density and strength in aerospace, medical, energy, and more. Learn about CIP, WIP, and HIP technologies.

What Is Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) And What Are Its Characteristics? Unlock Uniform Density For Complex Parts

Explore Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP): its uniform compaction, advantages for complex shapes, material versatility, and key trade-offs for informed manufacturing decisions.

What Are The Three Principal Techniques Of Isostatic Pressing? Master Cip, Wip, And Hip For Optimal Material Density

Learn about Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP), Warm Isostatic Pressing (WIP), and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) for uniform density and complex shapes in materials processing.

What Are The Temperature Capabilities Of Liquid Warm Isostatic Presses? Optimize Your Powder Compaction Process

Learn about Liquid Warm Isostatic Press temperature ranges up to 250°C, typical processing windows, and benefits for efficient powder densification.

How Does The Wet-Bag Technique In Cip Work? Master Uniform Powder Compaction For Complex Parts

Learn how the wet-bag CIP technique ensures uniform density in complex shapes, ideal for prototyping and small-batch production with high-quality results.

What Are The Two Main Techniques Used In Cold Isostatic Pressing? Wet-Bag Vs. Dry-Bag Methods Explained

Learn about wet-bag and dry-bag CIP techniques for uniform powder compaction in ceramics, metals, and more. Choose the right method for your lab needs.

What Is The Typical Pressure Range Used In Cold Isostatic Pressing? Achieve Uniform Density For Your Materials

Discover the typical pressure range (60,000-150,000 psi) in Cold Isostatic Pressing for uniform powder compaction, key factors, and process benefits.

How Does Cip Contribute To Efficient Material Utilization? Boost Your Manufacturing Efficiency With Cold Isostatic Pressing

Discover how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) enhances material utilization through uniform pressure, near-net shaping, and reduced machining, saving costs and energy.

How Does Cip Benefit The Medical Industry? Enhance Implant Safety And Performance

Discover how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) improves medical implant density, uniformity, and reliability for superior patient outcomes.

How Is Cip Used In The Aerospace Industry? Enhance Safety With Uniform Component Density

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) in aerospace creates reliable, complex parts with uniform density, reducing failure in extreme conditions.

What Industries Benefit From Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) Technology? Discover Key Applications For High-Performance Materials

Explore how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) ensures uniform density for aerospace, medical, electronics, and energy industries, enhancing component strength and reliability.

How Does The Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) Process Work? Achieve Uniform Density And Strength For Complex Parts

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) uses liquid pressure to compact powders into uniform, high-density parts for superior material performance.

What Are The Two Types Of Cip Technology? Choose Wet Bag Or Dry Bag For Your Lab Needs

Explore wet bag and dry bag CIP technologies: wet bag for flexibility in prototyping, dry bag for high-speed mass production in labs.

How Does Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) Work? Achieve Uniform Powder Compaction For Superior Parts

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) uses uniform pressure to create dense, high-strength parts from powders, ideal for ceramics and metals.

What Is Isostatic Pressing And What Are Its Two Main Types? Learn Cip Vs. Hip For Uniform Density

Explore isostatic pressing types: Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) for uniform density in materials like ceramics and metals.

What Is Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip)? Achieve Uniform Density And Complex Shapes

Learn how cold isostatic pressing (CIP) compacts powders with uniform pressure for high-density, complex parts in ceramics and metals.

What Factors Are Important When Selecting Cold Isostatic Pressing Services? Key Tips For Optimal Material Performance

Learn critical factors for choosing CIP services: material compatibility, pressure capacity, and process control for uniform density and strength.

What Are The Process Requirements For Successful Cold Isostatic Pressing? Achieve Uniform Compaction For High-Density Parts

Learn key CIP process requirements like pressure control and uniform compaction for ceramics, metals, and polymers to prevent defects and ensure quality.

What Materials Can Be Processed Using Cold Isostatic Pressing? Unlock Versatile Powder Compaction Solutions

Discover materials suitable for Cold Isostatic Pressing, including ceramics, metals, and composites, for uniform density in high-performance applications.

What Are The Two Types Of Cold Isostatic Pressing? Compare Wet Bag Vs Dry Bag For Your Lab

Explore Wet Bag and Dry Bag Cold Isostatic Pressing methods, their processes, advantages, and how to choose the right one for your lab needs.

What Are The Key Takeaways About Cold Isostatic Pressing? Unlock Superior Material Integrity And Complex Shapes

Discover the benefits of cold isostatic pressing, including uniform density, complex geometries, and reduced distortion for high-performance components.

What Are Some Common Applications Of Cold Isostatic Pressing? Unlock High-Performance Material Integrity

Explore cold isostatic pressing applications in ceramics, metals, and electronics for uniform density and defect-free components in aerospace, automotive, and more.

What Happens During The Pressurization And Depressurization Cycles In Cip? Master Uniform Powder Compaction For Stronger Parts

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing cycles ensure uniform density and part integrity through controlled pressure application and release for reliable manufacturing.

How Is Cip Used In Spark Plug Insulator Production? Achieve Flawless Ceramic Components With Uniform Density

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) ensures high-density, uniform alumina insulators for spark plugs, preventing defects and enhancing durability.

How Does A Precision Pressure Monitoring Device Assist In Preventing Mechanical Failure During Solid-State Battery Analysis?

Learn how precision pressure monitoring prevents delamination and mechanical failure in solid-state batteries through real-time stress mapping.

Why Is A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Essential For (Tbxy1-X)2O3 Ceramics? Achieve Maximum Density & Uniformity

Learn why CIP is critical for (TbxY1-x)2O3 ceramics to eliminate density gradients, prevent sintering deformation, and reach full density.

Why Is An Isostatic Press Used After Axial Pressing? Achieve Defect-Free Gadolinium Zirconate Ceramics

Learn why isostatic pressing is critical after axial pressing to eliminate density gradients and prevent cracking during 1600°C sintering.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) For Wha? Achieving Superior Material Density

Learn why Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) outperforms dry pressing for Tungsten Heavy Alloy by eliminating density gradients and friction defects.

What Role Does The High-Pressure Gas Medium Play In The Preparation Of Coarse-Grained Ti3Alc2 Using Hip?

Learn how high-pressure gas mediums in HIP ensure uniform densification and facilitate coarse-grained Ti3AlC2 synthesis for advanced research.

Why Is An Isostatic Press Necessary For Complex Ceramics? Solve Density Gradients And Achieve High Isotropy

Learn why isostatic pressing is essential for uniform density, complex geometries, and isotropic properties in advanced ceramic manufacturing.

What Are The Core Advantages Of Using Hot Isostatic Pressing (Hip) For Zirconolite-Based Waste? Achieve Safety & Density

Discover why HIP outperforms traditional sintering for nuclear waste matrices by ensuring zero volatilization and near-theoretical density.

What Role Does A Universal Material Testing Machine Play In The Four-Point Bending Test? Optimize Tbm Shotcrete Toughness

Learn how universal material testing machines quantify shotcrete flexural strength and synthetic fiber efficiency through precise loading.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip)? Enhancing Glycine-Knnlst Composites

Discover how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients and micro-cracks to enhance the performance of glycine-KNNLST composites.

Why Is A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Critical For Knln Green Bodies? Achieve Crack-Free Crystal Growth

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates defects and internal stresses at 200 MPa to ensure successful KNLN piezoelectric crystal growth.

How Does A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Facilitate The Preparation Of Cao-Doped Silicon Carbide (Sic) Green Bodies?

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) creates high-density SiC green bodies by eliminating internal pores and ensuring uniform density for sintering.

Why Is A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Essential For Nd:y2O3 Ceramics? Achieve >99% Density And Uniformity

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients and prevents defects in Nd:Y2O3 ceramics for superior sintering results.

What Is The Role Of A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) In Liso Sample Preparation? Optimize Your Electrode Contact.

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) optimizes LISO sample electrode contact, minimizes interfacial resistance, and ensures data accuracy.

Why Is Precise Compression Control Required For Carbon Paper Electrodes? Optimize Flow Battery Efficiency

Learn why 25% compression is the 'Goldilocks' ratio for carbon paper electrodes to balance electrical conductivity and electrolyte permeability.

What Is The Primary Role Of The Cold Calendering Process In Nmc811 Cathodes? Optimize Electrode Density & Performance

Learn how cold calendering densifies NMC811 cathodes, reduces porosity, and establishes vital conduction networks for high-loading battery research.

What Is The Function Of The Ejection Port In A Centrifugal Packing Device? Ensure Safe, Leak-Proof Rotor Removal

Learn how the ejection port facilitates safe rotor removal, protects delicate ceramic surfaces, and maintains leak-proof seals in packing devices.

Why Is A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Required For Cspbbr3 Phase Transition? Unlock Non-Perovskite Structural Shifts

Learn why uniform hydrostatic pressure from a CIP is essential for transforming CsPbBr3 from 3D perovskite to 1D edge-sharing non-perovskite phases.

What Are The Primary Objectives Of Applying Wip To Laser Sintering Parts? Achieve Maximum Density And Strength

Learn how Warm Isostatic Pressing (WIP) eliminates porosity and boosts crystallinity in Laser Sintering parts for superior mechanical performance.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Isostatic Pressing Equipment Compared To Uniaxial Dry Pressing? Enhanced Aerospace Ceramic Quality

Learn why isostatic pressing is superior to uniaxial pressing for aerospace ceramics, offering uniform density and zero-failure reliability.

What Role Does A Heating Furnace Play In Coke-Asphalt Mixtures? Master Electrode Molding Via Semi-Coking Reactions

Learn how heating furnaces drive asphalt pyrolysis and semi-coking at 450°C-630°C to ensure electrode structural integrity and mechanical strength.

What Are The Technical Advantages Of Using A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip)? Achieve High-Density Ceramic Samples

Discover why Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) is superior for high-density ceramics, offering uniform density and eliminating internal stress gradients.

What Role Does A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Play In The Preparation Of High-Density Zirconia Green Bodies?

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) achieves uniform density and prevents defects in zirconia green bodies for superior ceramic manufacturing.

Why Is A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Used For B4C–Sic Ceramic Green Bodies? Achieve Uniformity In Hard Ceramics

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients and prevents cracking in high-hardness B4C–SiC composite green bodies.

What Advantages Does A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Provide For 8Ysz Ceramics? Achieve Unmatched Density Uniformity

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) eliminates density gradients in 8YSZ ceramics to prevent warping and cracking during sintering.

What Is The Function Of An Industrial Cold Isostatic Press In Ti-6Al-4V Molding? Achieve High Green Density

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) creates uniform, high-density Ti-6Al-4V green compacts for superior sintering and dimensional precision.

What Are The Advantages Of Using An Isostatic Press Compared To Uniaxial Pressing For Llzo? Achieve Density & Stability

Learn why isostatic pressing is superior for LLZO solid electrolytes, offering uniform density, crack prevention, and dendrite resistance.

What Role Do Precision Loading Plates Play In Stress Field Studies? Master Control Over Intrusion Trajectories

Learn how precision loading plates simulate geological loads, induce stress perturbations, and control fluid-filled fracture trajectories.

What Technical Advantages Does Hot Isostatic Pressing (Hip) Offer For Ni-Cr-W Composites? Unlock Maximum Material Density

Discover how Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) outperforms sintering in Ni-Cr-W composites by eliminating voids and boosting mechanical strength.

What Role Does Hot Isostatic Pressing (Hip) Equipment Play In Consolidating Udimet 720? Maximize Density & Ductility

Learn how Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) enables 100% density and dissolves brittle PPB networks in UDIMET 720 powder metallurgy superalloys.

How Do High-Precision Roller Pressing And Punching Equipment Improve Electrode Consistency? Achieve Research Accuracy

Learn how precision pressing and punching enhance compaction density and geometric uniformity for reliable solid-state battery data.

What Is The Overall Application Prospect Of Cold Isostatic Pressing In Ceramic Manufacturing? Unlock High-Performance Ceramics With Uniform Density

Explore how cold isostatic pressing (CIP) enhances ceramic manufacturing with uniform density, complex shapes, and superior strength for demanding applications.

Why Is An Isostatic Press Required For The Secondary Pressing Of Alpha-Alumina? Achieve 99% Theoretical Density

Learn how isostatic pressing eliminates density gradients and prevents cracking in alpha-alumina ceramic substrates for superior performance.

Why Is An Isostatic Press Preferred Over Unidirectional Pressing? Achieve Uniform Density In Composites

Learn why isostatic pressing outperforms uniaxial methods by eliminating density gradients and preventing sintering defects in high-performance materials.

What Is The Primary Role Of Hot Isostatic Pressing (Hip) In Aviation-Grade Superalloys? Achieve 100% Material Density

Discover how HIP equipment eliminates microporosity and prevents fatigue failure in aviation-grade powder metallurgy superalloys.

How Does An Automated Dental Hot Press Furnace Ensure Process Consistency? Achieve Flawless Ceramic Results

Learn how automated dental hot press furnaces synchronize vacuum, heat, and pressure to eliminate defects and ensure dense ceramic restorations.

What Is The Primary Function Of High-Pressure Equipment In Hpht? Replicate Earth's Mantle For Diamond Growth

Learn how high-pressure equipment facilitates phase transformation and sp3 hybridization to create synthetic diamonds in the HPHT process.

What Are The Core Advantages Of Using Spark Plasma Sintering (Sps) For Densifying Na3Obr Electrolyte? Achieve >95% Density For Superior Ionic Conductivity

Discover how Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) achieves 96% density for Na3OBr electrolytes vs. 89% with cold pressing, enabling superior ionic conductivity.

What Are The Significant Advantages Of Using Spark Plasma Sintering (Sps)? Achieve >95% Density For Superior Sdc Electrolytes

Discover how Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) creates dense, high-conductivity SDC-carbonate electrolyte pellets, overcoming the limitations of conventional sintering.

How Does A Hip System Facilitate 'Supercritical Water-Assisted Growth'? Synthesize Li2Mnsio4 Faster And At Lower Temperatures

Learn how a Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) system uses supercritical water to accelerate Li2MnSiO4 synthesis with enhanced diffusion and lower energy costs.

What Is The Application Of Cold Isostatic Pressing (Cip) In The Production Of Spark Plug Insulators? Achieve Superior Density And Reliability

Discover how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) enables mass production of 3 billion+ spark plug insulators annually by ensuring uniform density and preventing cracking.

Why Is A Cold Isostatic Press (Cip) Necessary For Perovskite Ceramic Membranes? Achieve Peak Co2 Reduction Efficiency

Learn how Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) ensures 90%+ density and gas-tightness in perovskite ceramic membranes for CO2 reduction.